d, whereby the parties to the
covenant become one; many examples are given in H. C.
Trumbull's _Blood-Covenant_, 2d ed.

[30] In many languages (Semitic, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin,
English, German, etc.) the word for 'soul' is used in the
sense of 'person' or 'self.' But the conception of "life"
was in early times broader than that of "person" or that of
"soul."

[31] An incorporeal or immaterial soul has never been
conceivable.

[32] For old-German examples see Saussaye, _Religion of the
Teutons_, p. 297; for Guiana, E. F. im Thurn, in _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xi, 368; compare the belief
in the hidden soul, spoken of below, and article "Animals"
in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[33] So the bush-soul or beast-soul among the
E['w]e-speaking peoples of West Africa (A. B. Ellis, _The
E['w]e-speaking Peoples_, p. 103) and in Calabar (Kingsley,
_West African Studies_). Spirits (Castren, _Finnische
Mythologie_, p. 186) and demons (as in witchcraft trials)
sometimes take the form of beasts. For American Indian
examples see Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, p. 294.

[34] See the Egyptian representations of the soul as bird
(Ohnefalsch-Richter, _Kypros, the Bible and Homer_, pl. cvi,
2; cix, 4, etc.); Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 183,
compare p. 109. Other examples are given by H. Spencer,
_Principles of Sociology_, i, 355 ff.; N. W. Thomas, in
Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, i, 488. On
_siren_ and _ker_ as forms of the soul see Miss Harrison,
_Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, pp. 139,
197-217. Cf. Hadrian's address to the soul:

Animula vagula blandula
Hospes comesque corporis
Quae nunc abibis in loca
Pallidula rigida nudula
Nec ut soles dabis jocos?

[35] The body is spoken of as the person, for example, in
_Iliad_, i. 4; Ps. xvi, 9.

[36] Hence various means of preserving the body by
mummification, and the fear of mutilation.

[37] On the cult of skulls in the Torres Straits and Borneo
see Haddon, _Head-hunters_, chap. xxiv.

[38] J. H. Bernan, _British Guiana_, p. 134.

[39] See Old Testament passim, and lexicons of the various
Semitic languages.

[40] An elaborate account of the loci of qualities is given
by Plato in the _Timaeus_, 69 ff.

[41] On the importance attached to the liver as the seat of
life see Jastrow, _