Kafirs of the Hindu Kush_,
pp. 645 ff., 615 ff., 414 f.

[688] Breasted, _Egypt_, p. 421, etc.

[689] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 604
f.

[690] Deut. xxvi, 14; Hos. ix, 4; Ezek. xxiv, 17 (revised
text); Isa. viii, 19; 1 Sam. xxviii, 13.

[691] _Rig-Veda_, x, 15; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p.
143 f.

[692] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 91 ff.

[693] _Odyssey_, xi, 74 ff.; cf. xxiv, 63 ff.

[694] _Odyssey_, x, 519 ff.; xi, 25 ff.

[695] Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen
Sakralaltertuemer_, p. 99 f.

[696] Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 158 ff.;
Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.v. _Heros_;
Deneken, article "Heros" in Roscher, _Lexikon_. Lists of
heroes are given by F. Pfister, in _Der Reliquienkult im
Altertum_.

[697] Thucydides, v, 11; Pausanias, i, 32. For other
examples, and for the details of the cult, see Stengel and
Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertuemer_, p. 96 ff.

[698] Similar functions are performed by saints in some
Buddhist, Christian, and Moslem communities.

[699] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopaedie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft_; Miss J. E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to
the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. ii, and the references
in these works. On the _Keres_ as ghosts see Crusius, in
Roscher's _Lexikon_, s.v. _Keren_, and Harrison, op. cit.,
chap. v.

[700] Ovid, _Fasti_, v, 439 ff., _manes exite paterni_; cf.
the Greek proverbial expression [Greek: thyraze kares]
(Suidas, s.v. [Greek: thyraze]).

[701] De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, chap. iii.

[702] Aston, _Shinto_; Knox, _Religion in Japan_, p. 66 f.

[703] 1 Sam. xxviii.

[704] Cf. also the Teutonic valkyrs and nornas.

[705] See above, Sec. 359. The wide prevalence of the theory in
ancient times is indicated by its adoption in the
Graeco-Jewish _Wisdom of Solomon_ (of the first century
B.C.), chap. xiv, and by some Roman writers.

[706] Sec. 262 ff.

[707] For example, in Australia, Fiji, New Guinea, and
India.

[708] Greece, Rome (Lupercalia), Egypt, and apparently in
Israel (Ex. xxxii, 6; Numb. xxv).

[709] In carnivals and many less elaborate customs.

[710] See above, Sec. 34.

[711] It was observable in the lower animals, but in their
case was not regarded as religiously important. See below,
Sec. 419, for the connection of anim