lo of Byblos;
Harper, _Assyrian and Babylonian Literature_.

[1402] Isa. lxiii, 16 ("God is our father, though Abraham
and Israel do not acknowledge us") is regarded by some
commentators as pointing to ancestor-worship. It seems,
however, to be nothing more than the complaint of persons
who were disowned by the community or by the leaders.

[1403] Sec. 341 ff.

[1404] Jastrow, _Religions of Babylonia and Assyria_, p.
168: "a pantheon of demons."

[1405] Isa. xxxiv, 14.

[1406] Satan is one of the Elohim-beings, old gods
subordinated to Yahweh, and Azazel, if his name contains the
divine title _el_, must be put into this class.

[1407] Wisdom of Solomon, ii, 24.

[1408] Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek
Religion_, chap. v. On Hindu demons see Hopkins, _Religions
of India_, Index, s.v. _Devils_.

[1409] Sec.Sec. 698 ff., 398 ff.

[1410] See below, Chapter vii. Here, again, Mazdaism forms
an exception, resembling the Semitic scheme rather than the
Hindu.

[1411] A partial exception is found in the comparatively
late movement from the south of Arabia over into Africa
(Abessinia, Ethiopia).

[1412] On the characteristics of the various great religions
see Hegel, _Religionsphilosphe_; Santayana, _Reason in
Religion_ (vol. iii of _The Life of Reason_); E. Caird,
_Evolution of Religion_; R. B. Perry, _Approach to
Philosophy_; S. Johnson, _Oriental Religions_; J. F. Clarke,
_Ten Great Religions_; S. Reinach, _Orpheus_. See below,
Chapter ix.

[1413] But a certain substratum is usually assumed, no
attempt being made to account for its existence.

[1414] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, chaps. viii-x;
Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, Index, s.vv. _Myth_,
_Mythology_; Lang, _Custom and Myth_, and _Myth, Ritual, and
Religion_; articles "Mythologie" in _La Grande Encyclopedie_,
and "Mythology" in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 11th ed.

[1415] Belief in miracles, which is found in some higher
religions, may here be left out of the account as belonging
in a separate category.

[1416] Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, chaps. ii-iv.

[1417] So with the theory of universal borrowing from one
center advocated by Stucken (_Astralmythen_), Winckler
(_Himmels- und Weltensbild der Babylonier als Grundlage der
Weltanschauung und Mythologle aller Voelker_), Jeremias (_Das
Alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients_), Jen