35 ff. (Loki as fire-god developed
out of a fire-demon).

[1786] Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_,
article "Celts," p. 289. On the anthropinizing or the
distinctly euhemerizing treatment of these two personages
see Rhys, _Celtic Folklore_, Index, s.vv.

[1787] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 367, 377, 414.

[1788] See above, Sec. 857.

[1789] It has been suggested that climatic conditions (sharp
contrasts of storm and calm, with consequent strain and
peace in life) led to this dual arrangement. But we do not
know that there were specially strong contrasts of weather
in the Iranian home, and there is no mention of such a
situation in the early documents, in which the complaint is
of inroads of predatory bands from the steppe.

[1790] See above, Sec. 742 ff.

[1791] According to Diogenes Laertius, Proem, viii.

[1792] To designate the unfriendly supernatural Powers two
terms meaning 'divine beings' were available, 'asuras' and
'divas' (daevas); the Hindus chose the former, the Iranians
the latter. Cf. Darmesteter, _Ormazd et Ahriman_, p. 268
ff.; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, p. 156 ff.

[1793] Zech. iii; Job i, ii; 1 Chron. xxi, 1, contrasted
with 2 Sam. xxiv, 1; Enoch xl, 7; liii, 3, etc.; Secrets of
Enoch (Slavonic Enoch), xxix, 4, 5; xxxi, 3, 4. The word
Satan means 'adversary,' and, as legal adversary, 'accuser.'
The germ of the conception is to be sought in the apparatus
of spirits controlled by Yahweh, and sometimes employed by
him as agents to harm men (1 Kings xxii, 19-23). The idea of
an accusing spirit seems to have arisen from the necessity
of explaining the misfortunes of the nation (Zech. iii); it
was expanded under native and foreign influences.

[1794] 2 Cor. iv, 4.

[1795] _Koran_, vii, 10 ff.

[1796] So in the ceremonies of the pilgrimage to Mecca and
in common life. The "satans" have in part coalesced with the
jinn; see Lane's _Arabian Nights_, "Notes to the
Introduction," note 21.

[1797] Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopaedie_, s.v. "Mani u.
Manichaeismus."

[1798] On a lack of unity in the world see W. James, _A
Pluralistic Universe_.

[1799] Sec. 643.

[1800] So the Zulu Unkulunkulu, the Fiji Ndengei, the
Virginia Ahone, and others.

[1801] Compare Lang's sketch of the gods of the lower races
in _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, chap. xii f., and _Making
of Religion_, pre