oblem.

[2036] On current proposed reforms of Buddhism in Japan see
Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_, p. 222 ff.

[2037] The two last of these functions ceased on the
destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.), the first
remained.

[2038] Proselytes arose mostly from the general liberal
tendency of the times (from about the second century B.C.
and on), sometimes from lower impulses, sometimes they were
made by force. See articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopaedia
Biblica_; Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_; and _Jewish
Encyclopedia_.

[2039] They were virtually identified with the Jewish
people. On the early form of voluntary devotion to a foreign
deity see W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p.
75 ff.

[2040] Sec. 1115.

[2041] On attempts to discover forms of Christianity before
Jesus see W. R. Smith, _Der vorchristliche Jesus_, and _Ecce
Deus_; M. Friedlaender, _Synagoge und Kirche_.

[2042] The two passages in the Gospels (Matt. xvi, 18;
xviii, 17) in which the word "church" occurs appear clearly,
on exegetical grounds, to be scribal insertions of the later
period.

[2043] "Elder" and "apostle" are Jewish titles, and the
reading of the Scriptures, prayer, and exhortation formed
part of the synagogal service; see Schuerer, _The Jewish
People in the Time of Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 52
ff., and article "Apostle" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_. Other
offices arose in the church out of the peculiar conditions;
the eucharistic meal appears to have been developed under
non-Jewish influence.

[2044] So far has the idea of the civil character of the
Church been carried that in some places the keeper of a
licensed brothel has been required to be a member of the
State Church.

[2045] Harnack, _Dogmengeschichte_; articles in
Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopaedie_, and _Jewish
Encyclopedia_; Mansel, _The Gnostic Heresies_.

[2046] Cumont, _Textes et monuments_ and _The Mysteries of
Mithra_.

[2047] _Metamorphoses_, chap. xi.

[2048] Cf. article "Isis" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[2049] Cf. A. G. Leonard, _Islam, her Moral and Spiritual
Value_.

[2050] A. Mueller, _Islam_, ii, 614 ff.; Coppee, _Conquest of
Spain_; Dozy, _Histoire des musulmans en Espagne_; Stanley
Lane-Poole, _Story of the Moors in Spain_.

[2051] Of these fraternities the largest and most powerful
is the Senussi of North Afr