19] Sec. 530 f.

[2020] W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, vol. i, chap. ix.

[2021] H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_, chap. vii.

[2022] For a large definition of the term see S. Reinach,
_Orpheus_ (Eng. tr.), p.v.

[2023] For a possible influence see below, Sec. 1101.

[2024] See the histories of philosophy of Ueberweg,
Windelband, Meyer, Zeller.

[2025] See the reference in the _Republic_ (ii, 364 f.) to
the mendicant prophets with their formulas for expiation of
sin and salvation from future punishment, and Demosthenes's
derisive description of AEschines as mystagogue (_De Corona_,
313).

[2026] It is not clear that the peculiar cults described in
Isa. lxv, 3-5; lxvi, 3 f., are of Semitic origin. Their
history, however, is obscure--they are not referred to
elsewhere in Jewish literature. In part they are, like the
cults mentioned in Ezek. viii, 10, the adoption of the
sacred animals of neighboring peoples; Isa. lxv, 5 seems to
point to a close voluntary association with a ceremony of
initiation, but nothing proves that the association was of
Semitic origin. For a different view see W. R. Smith,
_Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 357 ff.

[2027] _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 29.

[2028] 1 Cor. ii, 7; Mk. iv, 11 al.

[2029] Barth, _Religions of India_, p. 76 ff.; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_, p. 216 ff.; cf. Bloomfield, _Religion
of the Veda_, p. 282 ff.

[2030] "Die Chinesen," in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der
Religionsgeschichte_; R. K. Douglas, _Confucianism and
Taouism_; De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_; cf. H. G.
Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_.

[2031] Stobaeus, _Eclogues_, i, 30.

[2032] Porphyry, _Vita Plotini_, cap. 3.

[2033] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xii f.; Rhys
Davids, _Buddhism_; Barth, _Religions of India_; Oldenberg,
_Buddha_.

[2034] The problem of life is stated to be how to get rid of
desire, which is the source of all suffering; the Buddhist
answer is that desire is eliminated by moral living, for
which knowledge is necessary. So the Socratic school based
virtue and happiness on knowledge. Cf. also the Biblical
book of Proverbs.

[2035] It does not follow that every founder of a religion
will establish a church; other things than the person of the
founder, such as the nature of his teaching and the
character of his social milieu, enter into the pr