[1315] His original seat is uncertain; by some scholars he
is regarded as an old North Semitic deity, but the grounds
for this view are not convincing. The occurrences of the
name outside of the Hebrew region throw little or no light
on his origin. Cf. Delitzsch, _Paradies_; Baudissin,
_Studien sur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_; Barton,
_Semitic Origins_, chap. vii.

[1316] On his position in the seventh century cf. W. F.
Bade, in _Transactions of the American Philological
Association_, 1908.

[1317] For the Old Testament statements see C. G.
Montefiore, _Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by
the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews_ (Hibbert Lectures,
1892), Index, s.v. _Yahweh_.

[1318] He was thus supreme for the particular tribe, though
not universal; cf. article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings,
_Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1319] Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_; Gruppe,
_Griechische Mythologie_; articles on the various deities in
Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1320] Formally the names Dyaus, Zeus, and Ju (in Jupiter)
are identical; and to these may probably be added the
Teutonic Tiu (Tyr).

[1321] In early thought the sky (like the earth) is in
itself a powerful thing, a personality, and the god who is
later supposed to inhabit and control it is a definite
figure, like, for example, a tree-god.

[1322] From the ancient notices of Kronos it is hardly
possible to fix definitely the relation between him and
Zeus. It is probable that he represents an older cult that
was largely displaced by that of Zeus. The custom of human
sacrifice in his cult led to the identification of him with
the Phoenician (Carthaginian) Melek (Moloch), and his name
has been interpreted (from [Greek: kraino]) as meaning 'king'
(= melek); but this resemblance does not prove a Semitic
origin for him. Whether his role as king of the Age of Gold
was anything more than a late construction is not clear.

[1323] The etymology of his name is doubtful.

[1324] On his titles "earth-shaker" and "earth-upholder" cf.
Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_ p. 1139, note 2.

[1325] Possibly he was originally the ocean itself conceived
of as a living and powerful thing, as Zeus (and so Varuna
and Ahura Mazda) was originally the physical sky; Okeanos is
a great god (_Iliad_, xiv, 201; Hesiod, _Theogony_, 133).

[1326] By many writers he is cons