Dictionary_ p. 507.

[813] Teit, _Thompson River Indians_, p. 77.

[814] Cf. A. M. Tozzer, _Comparative Study of the Mayas and
the Lacandones_ (of Yucatan), and the literature given in
articles "America, South" and "Brazil" in Hastings,
_Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[815] J. W. Fewkes is of opinion that the great Snake dance
(an economic function) was formerly conducted by the Snake
clan (_Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology_, p. 304).

[816] The choice of the object is determined by local
conditions that are not known to us. Sometimes, probably,
the object is the one most important for the welfare of the
community; sometimes it may have come from accident. See
below, Sec. 554 ff.

[817] The artificial objects that are regarded, in a few
cases, as totems are probably of late origin, the product of
reflection, and thus differing from the old totems, which
arise in an unreflective time. However, the artificial
totems are doubtless sometimes looked on as powerful; in
some cases they may be little more than badges.

[818] This is Frazer's definition (in his _Totemism_ p. 1),
supplemented by the words "not worshiped." Cf., on the whole
subject, Tylor, in _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xxviii, 144; F. Boas, in _American Journal of
Psychology_, xxi; A. A. Goldenweiser, "Totemism," in
_Journal of American Folklore_, xxiii (1910).

[819] For a preciser definition of totemism see below,
Sec. 520.

[820] The details are given in Frazer's _Totemism and
Exogamy_.

[821] Certain Arunta traditions appear to point to a time
when the totem was freely eaten. The bird-mates of the clans
may be regarded as secondary totems--perhaps a survival from
a time when a clan might have more than one totem.

[822] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central
Australia_, pp. 173, 318.

[823] The clan-names may formerly have been totemic, but
data for the decision of this point are lacking.

[824] So Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv, 173.

[825] Cf. H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_, pp. 1,
121 ff.; Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, pp. 41 f., 45, 350, 454
ff.; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral
Ideas_, ii, 28 ff.; Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, i, 183
ff., 188 ff.

[826] C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New
Guinea_, chaps. xxxv, 1.

[827] Such a belief