worthy example in Christian times; cf. Matt. xix,
12.

[303] For details of diffusion, methods, etc., see article
"Circumcision" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and
Ethics_.

[304] This is an incision of the penis from the meatus down
to the scrotal pouch.

[305] Herodotus, ii, 37.

[306] Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 137 f.

[307] Ploss, _Das Kind_, 2d ed., i, 368 f.

[308] On phallic cults see below, Sec. 388 ff.

[309] Gen. xxiv, 2 f.

[310] A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba_, p. 66.

[311] J. G. Frazer, in the _Independent Review_, iv, 204 ff.

[312] Circumcision of females is the removal of the clitoris
and the labia minora; introcision is the enlargement of the
vaginal orifice by tearing it downwards; infibulation is the
closing of the labia just after circumcision. Cf. Ploss,
_Das Weib_, 2d ed., i, chap. v.

[313] Cf. also the great extent to which masturbation
prevails among savages. Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and
Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xliii.

[314] A rod is thrust through the glans of the penis; see
Roth, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxii,
45 (the palang); cf. Ploss, _Das Weib_, 2d ed., i, chap. xi;
J. Macdonald, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xx, 116.

[315] Cf. the defloration of young women (by certain
officially appointed men) on the occasion of their arriving
at the age of puberty; Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 503; Spencer
and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 93;
Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 347.

[316] Gen. xvii. Islam has no divine sanction for
circumcision; it is not mentioned in the Koran, doubtless
because Mohammed took it for granted as a current usage.

[317] 1 Sam. xvii, 26.

[318] Article "Circumcision (Egyptian)" in Hastings,
_Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, and the literature
there cited.

[319] Deut. x, 16; Jer. ix, 25 f.; Rom. ii, 28 f.

[320] Article "Brotherhood (artificial)" in Hastings,
_Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[321] Cf. H. C. Trumbull, _The Blood-Covenant_, passim; W.
R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, new ed., Index, s.v.
_Blood Covenant_.

[322] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 422 ff.; cf.
Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 185 f.

[323] Alice Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_, p. 278.

[324] Sec.Sec. 533, 1095 ff., 1161 ff.

[325] _Journal of the Anthropologic