[280] Numb. xix.

[281] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 39 ff.

[282] J. J. M. de Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, chap.
ii.

[283] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, new ed., p. 321 f.

[284] Josh. vii (story of Achan).

[285] Examples are given in Frazer's _Golden Bough_, loc.
cit.

[286] Lev. xiv, 1-9.

[287] Lev. xvi. Cf. the vision (Zech. v, 5 ff.) in which
wickedness (or guilt), in the shape of a woman, is
represented (in no brotherly spirit) as being transferred
from Jewish soil to Shinar (Chaldea).

[288] Miss J. E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of
Greek Religion_, p. 95 ff.

[289] Later the festival was certainly connected with the
driving forth of winter, but its earlier form was, probably,
as given above.

[290] W. W. Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, Index, s.v.
_Mamurius, Lupercalia_. The beating was supposed also to
have fertilizing power; cf. S. Hartland, _Primitive
Paternity_, i, 100 ff.

[291] Deut. xvi; Ex. xii.

[292] In some savage tribes the older men seem to have
nothing to do but arrange ceremonies.

[293] There is a faint survival, perhaps, in the use of
incense in churches.

[294] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der
Gegenwart_, ed. E. H. Meyer, Index; J. H. King, _The
Supernatural_, i, 111 ff.

[295] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xii, 129
ff. (Andaman Islands); ibid. xxv, 188 (East Africa);
Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, chap. iii; Frazer, _Golden
Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 422 ff.

[296] A. L. Kroeber, in _University of California
Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology_, ii,
viii; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral
Ideas_, chap. xliii (on homosexual relations).

[297] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 326; iii, 204 ff.;
Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, Index, s.v. _Puberty_;
Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 55.

[298] See below, under "Taboo."

[299] Emasculation, of course, does not belong here; it is
not a custom of initiation proper.

[300] Cf. Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 135.

[301] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxvii, 406
(Omahas). On mutilation as a general religious rite see H.
Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i, 189, 290, and as
punishment, Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Mutilation_.

[302] Roscher, _Lexikon_, articles "Attis," "Kybele." Origen
is a note