y Mythology_.

[439] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 3d ed., ii, 229 ff.:
article "Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and
Ethics_.

[440] This may have been simply the transference to them of
human custom, or it may also have been suggested by the
obvious social organization of such animals as bees, ants,
goats, deer, monkeys.

[441] Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 21, 26.

[442] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, p. 27.

[443] W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, (new ed., see
p. 106) p. 128 f.

[444] A. Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, i, 117 ff.

[445] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central
Australia_, pp. 389, 401. Some Australians believed in an
original gradual transformation of animals and plants into
human beings.

[446] On the conception of animals as ancestors see below, Sec.
449 f.

[447] A demon may be defined as a supernatural being with
whom, for various reasons, men have not formed friendly
relations. Cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, new
ed., p. 119 ff., on the Arabian jinn; De Groot, _Religion of
the Chinese_, p. 13 ff., for the Chinese belief in demonic
animals. On the origin, names, and functions of demons and
on exorcismal ceremonies connected with them see below, Sec. 690
ff., and above, Sec. 138 ff.

[448] So the Eskimo, the Ainu, the Redmen, and modern Arabs
in Africa; many other instances are cited by Frazer in his
_Golden Bough_, 2d ed., ii, 386 ff.

[449] Examples are found in many folk-stories of savages
everywhere.

[450] For other sacred animals see N. W. Thomas, article
"Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and
Ethics_.

[451] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 238.

[452] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., ii, 430 ff.; Thomas,
article "Animals" cited above; Shortland, _Traditions of New
Zealand_, iv; Marsden, _Sumatra_, p. 292; Schoolcraft,
_Indian Tribes_, i, 34; v, 652; Waitz, _Anthropologie_, iii,
190; Callaway, _Amazulus_, p. 196; A. B. Ellis, _The Tshi_,
p. 150; Mouhot, _Indo-China_, i, 252; J. Wasiljev,
_Heidnische Gebraeuche der Wotyaks_, pp. 26, 78, etc.; G. de
la Vega, _Comentarios Reales_, bk. i, chap. ix, etc. (Peru);
Miss Kingsley, _Travels_, p. 492.

[453] Turner, op. cit., p. 242; Castren, _Finnische
Mythologie_, pp. 106, 160, 189, etc.; Parkman, _Jesuits in
North America_ (1906), pp. 61 f., 66; Brinton, _Myths of the
New World_, pp. 3, 105, 127, 1