e
rice-spirit, and ceremonies are performed in its honor; see
Wilken, _Het Animisme bij de Volken van den Indischen
Archipel_; Kruyt, _De Rijstmoeder van den Indischen
Archipel_, 389. It has been suggested that the prohibition
of yeast in the Hebrew mazzot (unleavened bread) festival
may have come originally from fear of frightening the spirit
of the grain. It may have been, however, merely the
retention of an old custom (if the grain was eaten
originally without yeast), which later (as sometimes
happened in the case of old customs) was made sacred by its
age, was adopted into the religious code, and so became
obligatory.

[471] This conception survives in the expressions "spirit of
wine," etc., and Cassio's "invisible spirit of wine" easily
passes into a "devil."

[472] This distinction is made in a somewhat formal way by
the Ainu, a very rude people (Batchelor, _The Ainu_, chap.
xxxiii).

[473] W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 132
f.

[474] Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, Index, s.vv. _totems_,
_ancestors_.

[475] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central
Australia_, pp. 112, 116. Many other plant totems are
mentioned by Frazer in his _Totemism and Exogamy_.

[476] Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 32, 39, 43, 72.

[477] This relation was not necessarily totemic--it may have
been of a general character, of which totemism is a special
form.

[478] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 179 ff.

[479] Cf. articles "Asylum" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of
Religion and Ethics_, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_.

[480] W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., pp.
133, 195; Hopkins, in _Journal of the American Oriental
Society_, xxx (1910), 4, p. 352.

[481] Miss Godden, in _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xxvi, 186 ff.

[482] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern
India_, new ed., ii, 85 ff.; cf. Hopkins, "Mythological
Aspects of Trees, etc.," in _Journal of the American
Oriental Society_, September, 1910.

[483] _Rig-Veda_, ix al.; Muir, _Original Sanskrit Texts_,
v; Hillebrandt, _Vedische Mythologie_, i, 450; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_, p. 112 ff.

[484] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 114 ff.;
Tiele-Gehrich, _Geschichte der Religion im Alterium_, ii,
ii, p. 234 ff.

[485] Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_ and _Antike Wald- und
Feldkulte_; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, In