also to be silently made in the Old Testament: the lower
animals, like man, are vivified by the "breath of God" (Ps.
civ, 29, 30; cf. Gen. ii, 7; vii, 22), and are destroyed in
the flood because of the wickedness of man (Gen. vi, 5-7);
cf. also Rom. viii, 22.

[119] So in the Upanishads (but not in the poetic Veda); see
Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 227; Bloomfield, _Religion
of the Veda_, p. 257. Tylor (_Primitive Culture_, ii, 18)
points out that in this conception we have a suggestion of
the theory of development in organic life.

[120] So the Central Australians (Spencer and Gillen,
_Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 514), the
Californian Maidu (Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 246). Cf.
the cases in which precautions are taken against a ghost's
entering its old earthly abode.

[121] _Rig-Veda_, 15.

[122] Spencer and Gillen, loc. cit. and p. 516 f.

[123] Probably the Greek _ker_ ([Greek: ker]) and the
Teutonic 'nightmare,' French _cauchemar_ (_mara_, an
incubus, or succuba), belong in this class of malefic
ghosts.

[124] See below, Sec. 92.

[125] Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten
Entwicklung der Strafe_, i, 141 ff.

[126] For West Africa see above, Sec. 43, n. 2; for the Norse
_fylgja_ ('follower') cf. Saussaye, _Religion of the
Teutons_, p. 292 ff.

[127] Sec. 38, n. 2.

[128] A transitional stage is marked by the theory, in a
polypsychic system, that one soul remains near the body
while another goes to the distant land.

[129] So, perhaps, among the eastern Polynesians (W. Ellis,
_Polynesian Researches_, i, 303) and the Navahos (Matthews,
_Navaho Legends_, p. 38).

[130] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, chap. iii, 183 ff.;
Teit, _Thompson River Indians_, p. 85; Rink, _Tales of the
Eskimo_, p. 40.

[131] _Odyssey_, xi (by the encircling Okeanos); Williams,
_Fiji_, p. 192; Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, p. 288
f.; Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, p. 290; _Rig-Veda_,
x, 63, 10; ix, 41, 2.

[132] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 65; Charon; Saussaye,
op. cit., p. 290; Rohde, _Psyche_, 3d ed., i, 306. For the
story given by Procopius (_De Bell. Goth._ iv, 20) see
Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 64 f.

[133] Saussaye, op. cit., p. 291.

[134] _Rig-Veda_, x, 154, 4, 5; Lister in _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxi, 51 (moon). Cf. Breasted,
_History of Egyp