phenomena. The beast,
therefore, is not religious in the proper sense of the term.
But between the beast and the first man the difference may
have been not great.

[16] The Central Australians, however, have an elaborate
marriage law with the simplest political organization and
the minimum of religion.

[17] Cf. L. M. Keasbey, in _International Monthly_, i
(1900), 355 ff.; I. King, _The Development of Religion_,
Introduction.

[18] _Cf._ Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, chap. xi f.

[19] Beasts, plants, and what we call inanimate objects,
also are held, in early stages of civilization, to have
souls--a natural inference from the belief that these last
are alive and that all things have a nature like that of
man.

[20] So Semitic _nafs_ 'soul,' _ruh_ 'spirit'; Sanskrit
_diman_ 'soul,' 'self'; Greek _psyche_, _pneuma_; Latin
_anima_, _spiritus_; possibly English _ghost_ (properly
_gost_ 'spirit'); and so in many low tribes. See Tylor,
_Primitive Culture_, i, 432 f.; O. Schrader, in Hastings,
_Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 15.

[21] The expression 'to receive the last breath' (_AEneid_,
iv, 684 f.), used by us to represent the last pious duty
paid to a dying man, was thus originally understood in a
strictly literal sense.

[22] So the Delaware Indians (Brinton, _The Lenape_, p. 67).

[23] Cf. the name 'shade' (Greeks, Redmen, and others) for
the denizens of the Underworld.

[24] Photographs are now looked on by some half-civilized
peoples with suspicion and fear as separate personalities
that may be operated on by magical methods. A similar
feeling exists in regard to the name of a man or a god--it
is held to be somehow identical with the person, and for
this reason is often concealed from outsiders.

[25] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 402; Fraser,
_Golden Bough_, 1st ed., i, 178 f.; article "Blood" in
Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[26] So in the Old Testament, in the later ritual codes:
Deut. xii, 23; Lev. xvii, 14; Gen. ix, 4; and so Ps. lxxii,
14; cf. Koran, xcvi, 2 (man created of blood).

[27] _Iliad_, xiv, 518; xvii, 86; cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion
of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 40 n. (Arabic expression: "Life
flows on the spear-point").

[28] R. B. Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 259.

[29] So friendly (fraternal) compacts between individuals
are sealed by exchange of bloo