ular and
plural, with ne, to express _a prohibition_. Both Present and Perfect
occur, and without appreciable difference of meaning; as,--

ne repugnetis, _do not resist!_

tu vero istam ne reliqueris, _don't leave her!_

impii ne placare audeant deos, _let not the impious dare to appease the
gods!_

a. Neither of these constructions is frequent in classical prose.

b. A commoner method of expressing a prohibition in the second person is
by the use of noli (nolite) with a following infinitive, or by cave or
cave ne with the Subjunctive; as,--

noli hoc facere, _don't do this_ (lit. _be unwilling to do_)!

nolite mentiri, _do not lie!_

cave ignoscas, cave te misereat, _do not forgive, do not pity!_

cave ne haec facias, _do not do this_ (lit. _take care lest you do_)!

D. DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.

277. The Deliberative Subjunctive is used _in questions and exclamations
implying doubt, indignation, the impossibility of an act, obligation, or
propriety_. The Present is used referring to present time, the Imperfect
referring to past. The negative is non. Thus:--

quid faciam, _what shall I do?_

ego redeam, _I go back!_

huic cedamus! hujus condiciones audiamus! _are we to bow to him! are we
to listen to his terms!_

quid facerem, _what was I to do?_

hunc ego non diligam, _should I not cherish this man?_

a. These Deliberative Questions are usually purely Rhetorical in
character, and do not expect an answer.

E. CONCESSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.

278. The Subjunctive is used to indicate something _as granted or conceded
for the sake of argument_. The Present is used for present time, the
Perfect regularly for past. The negative is ne. Thus:--

sit hoc verum, _I grant that this is true_ (lit. _let this be true_);

ne sint in senectute vires, _I grant there is not strength in old age_;

fuerit malus civis aliis; tibi quando esse coepit, _I grant that he was
a bad citizen to others; when did he begin to be so toward you?_

OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.

279. The Optative Subjunctive occurs in expressions of _wishing_. The
negative is regularly ne.

1. The Present Tense, often accompanied by utinam, is used where the wish
is conceived of _as possible_.

di istaec prohibeant, _may the gods prevent that!_

falsus utinam vates sim, _oh that I may be a false prophet!_

ne veniant, _may they not come!_

2. The Imperfe