clauses. As a rule, they do not _grant_
or _concede_ anything, but rather state that something is true _in spite of
something else_. They accordingly emphasize the adversative idea, and are
properly Subordinate Adversative Clauses. The different particles used to
introduce these clauses have different meanings and take different
constructions, as follows:--

1. Quamvis, _however much_, _although_, does not introduce a statement of
fact, but represents an act merely as conceived. It is followed by the
Subjunctive, usually of the present tense; as,--

homines quamvis in turbidis rebus sint, tamen interdum animis
relaxantur, _in however stirring events men may engage, yet at times
they relax their energies;_

non est potestas opitulandi rei publicae quamvis ea prematur periculis,
_there is no opportunity to succor the state, though it be beset by
dangers._

2. Quamquam, etsi, tametsi, _although_, introduce a statement of fact, and
are followed by the Indicative (of any tense); as,--

quamquam omnis virtus nos allicit, tamen justitia id maxime efficit,
_although all virtue attracts us, yet justice does so especially;_

Caesar, etsi nondum consilium hostium cognoverat, tamen id quod accidit
suspicabatur, _Caesar, though he did not yet know the plans of the
enemy, yet was suspecting what actually occurred_.

a. Etsi, _although_, must be distinguished from etsi, _even if_. The
latter is a conditional particle and takes any of the constructions
admissible for si. (See Sec. 302-304.)

3. Cum, _although_, is followed by the Subjunctive; as,--

Atticus honores non petiit, cum ei paterent, _Atticus did not seek
honors, though they were open to him_.

4. Licet sometimes loses its verbal force (see Sec. 295, 6) and sinks to the
level of a conjunction with the force of _although_. It takes the
Subjunctive, Present or Perfect; as,--

licet omnes terrores impendeant, succurram, _though all terrors hang
over me, (yet) I will lend aid_.

5. Quamquam, with the force _and yet_, is often used to introduce principal
clauses; as,--

quamquam quid loquor, _and yet why do I speak?_

6. In post-Augustan writers quamquam is freely construed with the
Subjunctive, while quamvis is often used to introduce statements of fact,
and takes either the Indicative or the Subjunctive. Thus:--

quamquam moveretur his vocibus, _although he was moved by these words_;