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II. PROPER NAMES.

373. 1. The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the
praenomen (or given name), the nomen (name of the _gens_ or clan), and the
cognomen (family name). Such a typical name is exemplied by Marcus Tullius
Cicero, in which Marcus is the praenomen, Tullius the nomen, and Cicero the
cognomen. Sometimes a second cognomen (in later Latin called an agnomen) is
added--expecially in honor of military achievements; as,--

Gaius Cornelius Scipio Africanus.

2. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES.

A. = Aulus. Mam. = Mamercus.
App. = Appius. N. = Numerius.
C. = Gaius. P. = Publius.
Cn. = Gnaeus. Q. = Quintus.
D. = Decimus. Sex. = Sextus.
K. = Kaeso. Ser. = Servius.
L. = Lucius. Sp. = Spurius.
M. = Marcus. T. = Titus.
M'. = Manius. Ti. = Tiberius.

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III. FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC.

_A._ Figures of Syntax.

374. 1. Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words; as,--

quid multa, _why (should I say) much?_

2. Brachylogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,--

ut ager sine cultura fructuosus esse non potest, sic sine doctrina
animus, _as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the
mind (cannot be productive) without learning._

Special varieties of Brachylogy are--

a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,--

minis aut blandimentis corrupta = _(terrifed) by threats or corrupted
by flattery._

b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned
instead of the object itself; as,--

dissimilis erat Chares eorum et factis et moribus, lit. _Chares was
different from their conduct and character_ i.e. Chares's conduct and
character were different, etc.

3. Pleonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,--

prius praedicam, lit. _I will first say in advance_.

4. Hendiadys , (_one through two_) is the use of two nouns joined by
a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or
an Adjective; as,--

febris et aestus, _the heat of fever_;

celeritate cursuque, _by swift running_.

5. Prolepsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance
of th