defensus, _the defense of Quinctius_;

quibus animus occupatus, _the preoccupation of the mind with which._

7. Habeo sometimes takes a Perfect Passive Participle in the Predicate
construction with a force not far removed from that of the Perfect or
Pluperfect Indicative; as,--

equitatus quem coactum habebat, _the cavalry which he had collected._

8. The Gerundive denotes _obligation_, _necessity_, etc. Like other
Participles it may be used either as Attributive or Predicate.

a) Less frequently as Attributive. Thus:--

liber legendus, _a book worth reading_;

leges observandae, _laws deserving of observance_.

b) More frequently as Predicate.

1) In the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation (amandus est, etc.). In this
use Intransitive Verbs can be used only impersonally, but admit their
ordinary case-construction (Gen., Dat., Abl.); as,--

veniendum est, _it is necessary to come_;

obliviscendum est offensarum, _one must forget injuries_;

numquam proditori credendum est, _you must never trust a traitor_;

suo cuique utendum est judicio, _every man must use his own judgment_.

2) After curo, _provide for_; do, trado, _give over_; relinquo,
_leave_; concedo, _hand over_, and some other verbs, instead of an
object clause, or to denote purpose; as,--

Caesar pontem in Arari faciendum curavit, _Caesar provided for the
construction of a bridge over the Arar_;

imperator urbem militibus diripiendam concessit, _the general handed
over the city to the soldiers to plunder_.

9. For the Gerundive as the equivalent of the Gerund, see Sec. 339, 1.

THE GERUND.

338. As a verbal noun the Gerund admits noun constructions as follows:--

1. Genitive. The Genitive of the Gerund is used--

a) With Nouns, as objective or Appositional Genitive (see Sec. 200, 202);
as,--

cupiditas dominandi, _desire of ruling_;

ars scribendi, _the art of writing_.

b) With Adjectives; as,--

cupidus audiendi, _desirous of hearing_.

c) With causa, gratia; as,--

discendi causa, _for the sake of learning_.

2. Dative. The Dative of the Gerund is used--

a) With Adjectives; as,--

aqua utilis est bibendo, _water is useful for drinking_.

b) With Verbs (rarely); as,--

adfui scribendo, _I was present at the writing_.

3. Accusative. The Accusative of the Gerund is used only with Prepositions,
chiefly ad and in