arbitratus, ausus, ratus, gavisus, solitus,
usus, confisus, diffisus, secutus, veritus.

Use of Participles.

337. As an Adjective the Participle may be used either as an attributive or
predicate modifier of a Substantive.

1. Attributive Use. This presents no special peculiarities. Examples are:--

gloria est consentiens laus bonorum, _glory is the unanimous praise of
the good_;

Conon muros a Lysandro dirutos reficit, _Conon restored the walls
destroyed by Lysander._

2. Predicate Use. Here the Participle is often equivalent to a subordinate
clause. Thus the Participle may denote:--

a) Time; as,--

omne malum nascens facile opprimitur, _every evil is easily crushed at
birth._

b) A Condition; as,--

mente uti non possumus cibo et potione completi, _if gorged with food
and drink, we cannot use our intellects_.

c) Manner; as,--

Solon senescere se dicebat multa in dies addiscentem, _Solon said he
grew old learning many new things daily._

d) Means; as,--

sol oriens diem conficit, _the sun, by its rising, makes the day._

e) Opposition ('_though_'); as,--

mendaci homini ne verum quidem dicenti credimus, _we do not believe a
liar, though he speaks the truth._

f) Cause; as,--

perfidiam veritus ad suos recessit, _since he feared treachery, he
returned to his own troops._

3. Video and audio, besides the Infinitive, take the Present Participle in
the Predicate use; as,--

video te fugientem, _I see you fleeing._

a. So frequently facio, fingo, induco, etc.; as,--

eis Catonem respondentem facimus, _we represent Cato replying to them_;

Homerus Laertem colentem agrum facit, _Homer represents Laertes tilling
the field._

4. The Future Active Participle (except futurus) is regularly confined to
its use in the Periphrastic Conjugation, but in poets and later writers it
is used independently, especially to denote _purpose_; as,--

venerunt castra oppugnaturi, _they came to assault the camp._

5. The Perfect Passive Participle is often equivalent to a cooerdinate
clause; as,--

urbem captam diruit, _he captured and destroyed the city_ (lit. _he
destroyed the city captured_).

6. The Perfect Passive Participle in combination with a noun is sometimes
equivalent to an abstract noun with a dependent Genitive; as,--

post urbem conditam, _after the founding of the city_;

Quinctius