ough
Gaul_'; '_cities on the sea_'; '_the book in my hands_'; '_the fight at
Salamis_'; etc. The Latin in such cases usually employs another mode of
expression. Thus:--

a) A Genitive; as,--

dolor injuriarum, _resentment at injuries_.

b) An Adjective; as,--

urbes maritimae, _cities on the sea_;

pugna Salaminia, _the fight at Salamis_.

c) A Participle; as,--

pugna ad Cannas facta, _the battle at Cannae_.

d) A Relative clause; as,--

liber qui in meis manibus est, _the book in my hands_.

NOTE.--Yet within certain limits the Latin does employ Prepositional
phrases as Noun modifiers. This is particularly frequent when the governing
noun is derived from a verb. The following are typical examples:--

transitus in Britanniam, _the passage to Britain_;

excessus e vita, _departure from life_;

odium erga Romanos, _hatred of the Romans_;

liber de senectute, _the book on old age_;

amor in patriam, _love for one's country_.

ADJECTIVES.

354. 1. Special Latin Equivalents for English Adjectives are--

a) A Genitive; as,--

virtutes animi = _moral virtues_;

dolores corporis = _bodily ills_.

b) An Abstract Noun; as,--

novitas rei = _the strange circumstance_;

asperitas viarum = _rough roads_.

c) Hendiadys (see Sec. 374, 4); as,--

ratio et ordo = _systematic order_;

ardor et impetus = _eager onset_.

d) Sometimes an Adverb; as,--

omnes circa populi, _all the surrounding tribes_;

suos semper hostes, _their perpetual foes_.

2. Often a Latin Noun is equivalent to an English Noun modified by an
Adjective; as,--

doctrina, _theoretical knowledge_;

prudentia, _practical knowledge_;

oppidum, _walled town_;

libellus, _little book_.

3. Adjectives are not used in immediate agreement with proper names; but an
Adjective may limit vir, homo, ille, or some other word used as an
Appositive of a proper name; as,--

Socrates, homo sapiens = _the wise Socrates_;

Scipio, vir fortissimus = _the doughty Scipio_;

Syracusae, urbs praeclarissima = _famous Syracuse_.

4. An Adjective _may be_ equivalent to a Possessive or Subjective Genitive;
as,--

pastor regius, _the shepherd of the king_;

tumultus servilis, _the uprising of the slaves_.

PRONOUNS.

355. 1. In Compound Sentences the Relative Pronoun has a fondness for
connecting itself with the subord