tum est, _i.e. in anticipation of the
fight, a treaty was struck._

By an extension of this usage, the Subjunctive is sometimes used of
_general truths_, where the anticipatory notion has faded out; as,--

tempestas minatur antequam surgat, _the tempest threatens before it
rises_.

b) An act anticipated and forestalled; as,--

priusquam telum adici posset, omnis acies terga vertit, _before a spear
could be hurled, the whole army fled._

c) An act anticipated and deprecated; as,--

animum omittunt priusquam loco demigrent, _they die rather than quit
their post._

2. After historical tenses the Imperfect Subjunctive is used, especially by
some writers, where the notion of anticipation has practically vanished;
as,--

sol antequam se abderet fugientem vidit Antonium, _the sun before it
set saw Antony fleeing._

Clauses introduced by _Dum_, _Donec_, _Quoad_.

293. 1. Dum, _while_, regularly takes the Indicative of the Historical
Present; as,--

Alexander, dum inter primores pugnat, sagitta ictus est, _Alexander,
while he was fighting in the van, was struck by an arrow_;

dum haec geruntur, in fines Venellorum pervenit, _while these things
were being done, he arrived in the territory of the Venelli_.

II. Dum, donec, and quoad, _as long as_, take the Indicative; as,--

dum anima est, spes est, _as long as there is life, there is hope_;

Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis fuit, dum Lycurgi leges vigebant, _the race
of the Lacedaemonians was powerful, as long as the laws of Lycurgus
were in force_;

Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit, _Cato, at long as he lived,
increased in the fame of his virtues_.

III. Dum, donec, and quoad, _until_, take:--

1. The Indicative, to denote _an actual event_; as,--

donec rediit, fuit silentium, _there was silence till he came_;

ferrum in corpore retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est Boeotios vicisse, _he
kept the iron in his body until word was brought that the Boeotians had
conquered_.

a. In Livy and subsequent historians dum and donec in this sense often
take the Subjunctive instead of the Indicative; as,--

trepidationis aliquantum edebant donec timor quietem fecisset, _they
showed some trepidation, until fear produced quiet_.

2. The Subjunctive, to denote _anticipation_ or _expectancy_; as,--

exspectavit Caesar dum naves convenirent, _Caesar waited