nuntiatum
esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci. 8. Ne virtute quidem Galli erant
pares Germanis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque animo infirmus erat.
10. Illud bellum tum incepit cum Caesar fuit consul.

Observe in each case what mood follows /cum\, and try to give the
reasons for its use. In the third sentence the /cum\ clause is
concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.

II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (tum cum) I was at
Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did
not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy
returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other,
we shall inform Caesar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in
language and laws.

LESSON LXXI

VOCABULARY REVIEW : THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE : THE PREDICATE GENITIVE

_401._ Review the word lists in Secs. 510, 511.

_402._ The Gerund. Suppose we had to translate the sentence

_By overcoming the Gauls Caesar won great glory_

We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to
the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the
ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be
impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has
no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of
corresponding meaning, called the /gerund\, declined as a neuter of
the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and
_ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive
lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we
should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the
other cases, as follows:

Nom. supera:re, _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE
Gen. superandi:, _of overcoming_ }
Dat. superando:, _for overcoming_ }
Acc. superandum, _overcoming_ } GERUND
Abl. superando:, _by overcoming_ }

Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from
which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin

Superando Gallos Caesar magnam gloriam reportavit

[Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an
accusative.]

_403._ The gerund[2] is formed by adding /-ndi:, -ndo, -ndum, -ndo\, to
the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown
below:

PARADIGM OF THE GERUND

CONJ. I CONJ. II