ote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as
translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the
preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.

_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the
accusative.

_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense
of the principal verb.

_416._ RULE. Indirect Statements. _When a direct statement becomes
indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its
subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._

_417._ Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in Sec. 415 were
changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, /sunt\ became
/esse\, /erant\ became /fuisse\, and /erunt\ became /futuros esse\.

_418._ RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. _A present
indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the
indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future
indicative becomes future infinitive._

NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first
decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct
form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the
indirect.

_419._ RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. _The
accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found
after verbs of /saying\, /telling\, /knowing\, /thinking\, and
/perceiving\._

_420._ Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

_a_. Verbs of saying and telling:
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, _say_
nego, negare, negavi, negatus, _deny, say not_
nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus, _announce_
respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsus, _reply_

_b_. Verbs of knowing:
cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus, _learn_,
(in the perf.) _know_
scio, scire, scivi, scitus, _know_

_c_. Verbs of thinking:
arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum, _think, consider_
existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatus, _think, believe_
iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatus, _judge, decide_
puto, putare, putavi, putatus, _reckon, think_
spero, sperare, speravi, speratus, _hope_

_d_. Verbs of perceiving:
audio, audire, audivi, auditus, _hear_
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus, _f