It will be noticed that _Haber_ used for "there to be" makes _Hay_
instead of _Ha_ for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain
unchanged: _habia, hubo, habra, habria_, etc.

_Hay que_ followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary
to ..., as--

Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you,
etc., must be very careful.

_Tener_ is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used
to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead
of _haber_, as--

Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I
have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.

Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del
corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.

?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?

Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro
Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar
Mill for our Factory in Havana.

In all the preceding examples _tener_ used instead of _haber_ introduces
an additional idea of "=possession=".

"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he
perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that
the receiver holds it now.

[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and
number with the _direct object_.]

Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as--

?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking
about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.

Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.

Colloquially the people will use _tener_ for _haber_ without any
allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.

VOCABULARY.

=anteayer=, the day before yesterday
=apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (_a._)
=apresurarse=, to hasten (_n._)
=apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders
=arbol de eje=, axle shaft
=camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce
=cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft
=compania de ferrocarril=, railway company
=con manchas=, (designs)--spot
=con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot
=contestar=, to answer, to reply
=cuadritos=, (designs) checks
=cuenta simulada=, pro forma account
=culpa=, blame, fault
=dano=, damage, injury, breakdown
=de buena tinta=, from a good source
=derecho=, right
=duda=,