cil and its functions, 33, 34;
administration of justice, 35;
violations of law by the kings, 36;
confederacies of the nobility, 37;
similarity of its polity to that of England, 38;
establishment of tithes in Castile, 146 _note_ a.

Castle, graphic description of a, i. 322.

Castruccio Castrucani, success of, i. 410.

Catalonia, character of the people of, ii. 57;
severity of the state of villenage there, _ib. note_ c.

Catharists, religious tenets held by the, iii. 384.

Catholics, treatment of the, by their Gothic conquerors, i. 3 _note_ f.

Cava (count Julian's daughter), legend of the seduction of, ii. 62.

Celestine V., fraud of Boniface VIII. towards, ii. 228.

Champ de Mars. See Field of March.

Charlemagne, reunion of the Frankish empire under, i. 9 and _note_ y;
his victories in Italy and Spain, 9, 10;
obstinate resistance and ultimate submission of the Saxons to his
rule, 10;
his Sclavonian conquests, 11;
extent of his dominions, _ib._;
his coronation as emperor, _ib._ and _note_ c;
its consequences, 12;
his intellectual acquirements and domestic improvements, _ib._ and
_note_ e;
his vices, cruelties, religious edicts, 13;
his sons and successors, 14;
his control over the clergy, 16;
degeneracy of his descendants, 17;
state of the people under his rule, 18;
his dread of the Normans, 21;
his alleged election by the Romans as emperor discussed, 122-124;
question of succession involved in his elevation to the imperial
title, 124-126;
his wise provisions relative to fugitive serfs, 198 _note_ q;
his revenue, how raised, 208;
peculiarities of his legislative assemblies, 215, 216;
French ignorance of his character in the 14th century, 228;
his capitulary relative to tithes, ii. 145, 146 and _note_ z;
his authority over the popes, 182;
state of his education, iii., 286 and _note_ f;
his library, 292 _note_;
his encouragement of ordeals, 295;
his agricultural colonies, 361;
public schools in France due to him, 419;
becomes a disciple of Alcuin, _ib._

Charles the Bad. See Charles of Navarre.

Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, and _note_ on
p. 17;
ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21;
his imbecile government and its consequences, 135;
his slavish submission to the c