influences by which it was superseded, 412 and _note_ d.

Christianity, impetus given to the formation of civic institutions by,
i. 121;
its beneficial effect upon the Normans, 136.

Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140;
its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141;
source of its legitimate wealth, 142;
its religious extortions, 143;
privileges attached to its property, 144;
institution of tithes, 144-146 and _notes_;
liability of church property to spoliation, 146;
origin of _precariae_, 147 _note_ d;
extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 and _note_ i;
its participation in the administration of justice, 149;
limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151;
its political influence, 152;
source thereof, 153;
its subjection to the state, _ib._;
Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, and _notes_;
its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157;
obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158;
investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181;
their simoniacal practices, _ib._ and _note_ q;
canons and chapters, 191;
liberties of the Gallican church, 256;
high church principles always dangerous, 257 _note_ x;
privileges of sanctuary, iii. 302, 303.
See Clergy, Monasteries, Papal Power.

Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.

Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii. 199.

Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221;
their influence on Thomas a Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.

Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29 _note_ t.

Cities. See Municipal Institutions and Towns.

Civil Law. See Laws.

Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215;
opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.

Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485;
his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215;
he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233;
his contests with the emperor Louis, 234;
England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 _notes_;
his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.

Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487;
his licentiousness, ii. 238.

Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240;
division of the papacy thereupon, 242;
proceedings after his death, 242, 243.

Clergy, ascendency of