its eminent disputants, 427;
influence of Aristotle and of the church, 429, 430;
unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, 430, 431;
labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, 432 and _note_ s, 433;
cultivation of the new languages, 433;
the troubadours and their productions, 434-436;
origin of the French language, 436;
early French compositions, 437, 438;
Norman tales and romances, 439;
the Roman de la Rose, 440;
French prose writings, 441, 442 and _notes_;
formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, 442, 443, and _notes_;
rapid growth of the Italian language, 443, 444;
excuses of Italians for writing in French, 445 _note_ z;
Dante and his Divine Comedy, 445-449;
Petrarch and his writings, 449-452;
dawn of the English tongue, 452;
Layamon's Brut, 453 and _note_ k;
Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, 453;
merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, 454;
cause of the slow progress of the English language, _ib._;
earliest compositions in English, 455;
pre-eminence of Chaucer, 456;
revival of classical learning, 457;
eminent cultivators thereof, 458;
invention of paper, 459;
transcribers and booksellers, _ib. note_ x;
rarity and dearness of books, 460;
recovery of classical manuscripts, 461;
eminent labourers in this field, 462, 463;
revival of the study of Greek, 465, 466;
state of learning in Greece, 466;
services rendered by the mediaeval Greeks, 467-469 and _notes_;
opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, 470;
fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, _ib._;
invention of printing, 471;
first books issued from the press, _ib._;
first printing presses in Italy, 472;
elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, 474-476;
Dr. Maitland's views thereon, 476-479;
earliest use of the English language in public documents, 484-486.

Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212;
the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214;
participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336;
Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215;
cessation of national assemblies, 218;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plenieres, 220;
limitation of the king's power, 221;
substitutes for legislative authority, _ib._;
ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222;
general legisla