sent into exile, 438.

Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263 _note_ e.

Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305 _note_ h.

Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285;
principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.

Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 and _note_;
devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 and _notes_;
its cession to the crown of France, 29;
its provincial assembly, 234.

Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii. 56;
their further tactics regarding him, 59.

Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii. 275.
See Learning.

Laura (Petrarch's mistress). See Petrarch.

Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297;
study of the civil law, iii. 414;
fame of the Bolognese school, 415;
necessity for legal knowledge in mediaeval magistrates, 416;
unpopularity of the Roman law in England, 417;
neglect of the elder civilians, 418, 419 and _note_ x.
See Justice.

Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. 270;
neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, 273;
blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, 274;
corruption of the Latin tongue, 275;
rules observed in its pronunciation, 276-278;
errors of the populace, 278;
changes wrought by the Italians and French, 279, 280;
neglect of quantity, 281;
specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, 282-284 _notes_;
change of Latin into Romance, 283;
Italian corruptions of the Latin, 285;
effect of the disuse of Latin, 286;
ignorance of various sovereigns, _ib. notes_;
extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, 286 and _note_ f;
ignorance of the clergy, 287, 288, and _notes_;
scarcity of books, 289 and _note_ p;
erasure of manuscripts, 289;
lack of eminent learned men, _ib._;
John Scotus and Silvester II., 290 and _note_ r;
preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, 291-293;
non-existence of libraries, 292 _note_;
prevalence of superstitions, 293-295;
revival of literature, 413;
study of civil law, 414-419;
establishment of public schools, 419;
Abelard and the university of Paris, 420, 421;
Oxford university and its founders, 422, 423, and _notes_;
rapid increase of universities, 423-425;
causes of their celebrity, 425;
spread of the scholastic philosophy, 426;