16;
clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218;
progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221;
opposition thereto by England, 223 and _notes_;
faint opposition of France, 225;
career of Boniface VIII. [see Boniface VIII.];
decline of the papacy, 232;
removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233;
its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234;
growing resistance to the popes, 236;
rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237;
participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238;
independent conduct of England, _ib._ and _notes_;
return of the popes to Rome, 240;
contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., _ib._;
the two papal courts, 242;
three contemporary popes, _ib._;
proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243
[see Councils];
reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251;
effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253;
papal encroachments in Castile, 254;
restraints thereon in France, 254-256;
further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and _notes_;
decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259;
despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 _note_.
See Church, Clergy, Monasteries.

Paper from linen, when invented, iii. 459 and _note_ y.

Paris, seditions at, i. 66;
defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and _notes_;
their fear of the Normans, 134;
population of the city in early times, iii. 224;
See Parliament of Paris.

Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and _note_ r;
their slow growth, 145.

Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. 4;
right by which the spiritual peers sit, 4, 5, 122;
earls and barons, 5, 6;
theories of Selden and Madox, 6-9;
tenants in chief in parliament, 10, 11;
first germ of representation, 11, 12 and _note_ a;
county representation, 12;
parliaments of Henry III., 13, 14 and _notes_;
knights of the shire, how elected, 15-19;
first summoning of towns to parliament, 27 and _note_ s;
question of an earlier date discussed, 28-30 and _notes_;
the parliament of Acton Burnell, 31 _note_ e;
the Barnstaple petition, 32;
cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, 35-37;
division of parliament into two houses, 37;
proper business of the house of commons, 38;
complaint of the commons in 1309, 40;
rights established by them, 42;
their struggle w