their reverses and revival under Amurath, 134, 135;
they capture Constantinople, 136;
European alarm excited thereby, _ib._;
institution of the Janizaries, 137;
suspension of Ottoman conquests, 138.

Oxford university. See Learning.

Pagan superstitions, cause of the limited influence of, i. 136.

Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.

Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii. 331.

Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii. 329.
See Crusades.

Pandects, discovery of the, iii. 415.

Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159;
preceded by the patriarchate, 160;
character of Gregory I., 161;
his wary proceedings, 162 and _notes_;
convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and
_notes_;
effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and _notes_, 221;
papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167;
exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and _note_ f;
kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169;
origin of excommunications, 170;
helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171;
interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172;
further interference with regal rights by the popes, _ib._;
scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174;
Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177;
prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182;
innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183;
election and death of Alexander II., 184;
career of Gregory VII. [see Gregory VII.];
contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188;
Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, _ib._;
papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and _notes_;
abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193;
papal legates and their functions, 194;
Alexander III. and Thomas a Becket, 195;
career of Innocent III. [see Innocent III.];
height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202;
promulgation of the canon law, 203;
its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and _notes_;
establishment of the mendicant friars, 205;
dispensations of marriage, 208 and _notes_;
dispensations from oaths, 210;
encroachments on episcopal elections, 211;
and on rights of patronage, 212;
mandats and their abuse, _ib._;
the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and _note_;
pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 2