_note_ c;
their right to coin money, 205, 206;
to levy private war, 207;
characteristics of the early Frank nobility 309-312;
excesses of the Florentine nobility, 423, 424;
turbulence of the Spanish nobles, ii. 13;
contests of the German nobles with the cities, 91, 92;
rural nobility, how supported, 94, 95;
their career, how checked, 95;
source of the influence of the English nobility, iii. 165;
their patronage of robbers, 169;
German robber lords, 314;
legislative province of the English nobility [see Parliament].

Norfolk (earl and duke of). See Bigod, Mowbray.

Normans, piratical pursuits of the, i. 20;
their plan of warfare, 21;
sufferings of the clergy at their hands, 22;
their conversion and settlement in France, _ib._;
terror excited by their audacity, 134, 135;
beneficial effects of their conversion, 135;
their incursions into Italy, 363 and _note_ m;
successes of their leaders, 363, 364;
their invasion of England [see England].

Nottingham (earl of). See Mowbray.

Oaths, papal dispensations from, ii. 210;
notable instances thereof, _ib._ _note_ c.

Odo (archbishop). See Dunstan.

Oleron, laws of, iii. 334.

Ordeals, nature of, iii. 294, 295;
stories of queens Emma and Cunegunda, 295 _note_ y;
instance of a failure of the water ordeal and its consequences, ii.
339 _note_ b.

Orleans (Louis, duke of), alleged amours of, with queen Isabel, i. 69
_note_ c;
loses his popularity, 70;
his assassination and its probable causes, _ib._ and _notes_;
commotions which ensued, 71, 72.

Orleans (Louis, duke of, afterwards Louis XII.) claims the regency during
the minority of Charles VIII., i. 98;
instigates the convocation of the States-General, 236.

Ostrogoths, occupation of Italy by the, i. 1;
annihilation of their dominion, 8;
Roman jurisprudence adopted by them, 151.

Othman. See Ottomans.

Otho I. (the Great), benefits conferred upon Germany by, ii. 67.

Otho II. and III. chosen emperors of Germany, ii. 67.

Otho IV. aided by the Milanese, i. 382;
enmity of the pope towards him, 384;
its consequences, ii. 75;
obtains a dispensation from Innocent III., 209;
rights surrendered by him to Innocent, 211, 212 and _note_ f.

Ottoman dynasty, founded by Othman, ii. 132;
their European conquests, _ib._;