e besieges Milan, 372;
subjugation and second rise of its citizens, _ib._;
destruction of their city, 373;
league of Lombardy against him, 374;
his defeat and flight, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
his policy relative to Sicily, 378;
his response to Roman oratory, 415 and _note_;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 73;
Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and _note_ y;
he institutes the law of defiance, 95;
his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195;
his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227;
his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 _note_ d;
his patronage of learning, 422.

Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385;
cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386;
rancour of papal writers against him, _ib. note_ c;
result of his crusade, 387;
his wars with the Lombards, _ib._;
his successes and defeats, 390;
animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391;
sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 75;
his deposition, 76;
he restrains the right of defiance, 96;
his imperial tribunal, 97;
his poetry, iii. 442.

Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and _note_;
his significant motto, 89 _note_ i;
objects of his diets, 96, 97;
he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.

Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 _note_ k.

Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323;
alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324;
other freemen, 325;
consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.

Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.

Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 _note_ x.

Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 _note_ e.

Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
his death and failure of his son, _ib. note_ e.

Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2;
condition of its Roman natives, 149;
privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 _note_ r, 281 and _note_ e;
retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282;
their cities, 286;
their subjection to taxation, 287;
their accession to high offices, 293;
their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294;
presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.

Genoa, early history of, i. 444;
her wars with Pisa and Ve