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e besieges Milan, 372; subjugation and second rise of its citizens, _ib._; destruction of their city, 373; league of Lombardy against him, 374; his defeat and flight, 375; peace of Constance, 376; his policy relative to Sicily, 378; his response to Roman oratory, 415 and _note_; his accession to the German throne, ii. 73; Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and _note_ y; he institutes the law of defiance, 95; his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195; his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227; his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 _note_ d; his patronage of learning, 422. Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385; cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386; rancour of papal writers against him, _ib. note_ c; result of his crusade, 387; his wars with the Lombards, _ib._; his successes and defeats, 390; animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391; sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391; his accession to the German throne, ii. 75; his deposition, 76; he restrains the right of defiance, 96; his imperial tribunal, 97; his poetry, iii. 442. Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and _note_; his significant motto, 89 _note_ i; objects of his diets, 96, 97; he betrays the empire to the pope, 253. Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 _note_ k. Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323; alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324; other freemen, 325; consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333. Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496. Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 _note_ x. Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 _note_ e. Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41; his death and failure of his son, _ib. note_ e. Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2; condition of its Roman natives, 149; privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 _note_ r, 281 and _note_ e; retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282; their cities, 286; their subjection to taxation, 287; their accession to high offices, 293; their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294; presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296. Genoa, early history of, i. 444; her wars with Pisa and Ve
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