(1901); A. Forke, _Lun-Heng_ (1907); F. Hirth, _The Ancient History of
China_ (1908); L. Giles, _Sun Tz[)u]_ (1910). (H. A. GI.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] As to the origin of the names China and Cathay (the medieval
name) see below Sec. _History_. According to one theory the name China
is of Malay origin, designating originally the region now called
Indo-China, but transferred in early times to China proper. By the
Chinese the country is often called _Shih-pa-sheng_, "the Eighteen
Provinces," from the number of its great territorial divisions. It
is also called _Chung-kwo_, "the Middle Kingdom," properly used of
the central part of China, and _Hwa-kwo_, "the Flowery Kingdom."

[2] A Chinese mile, _li_, or _le_ = 0.36 English mile.

[2] For the Grand Canal the chief authority is Dominique Gandar, S.J.,
"Le Canal Imperial. Etude historique et descriptive," _Varietes
sinologiques_ No. 4 (Shanghai, 1903); see also Stenz, "Der
Kaiserkanal," in _Beitraegen zur Kolonialpolitik_, Band v. (Berlin,
1903-1904), and the works of Ney Elias, Sir J.F. Davis, A.
Williamson, E.H. Parker and W.R. Carles.

[4] Nevertheless there is considerable local traffic. The transit
trade with Shan-tung, passing the Chin-kiang customs and using some
250 m. of the worst part of the canal, was valued in 1905 at
3,331,000 taels.

[5] The portion of the wall which abutted on to the sea has been
destroyed.

[6] See the _Geog. Jnl._ (Feb. and March 1907). For a popular
account of the wall, with numerous photographs, see _The Great Wall
of China_ (London, 1909), by W.E. Giel, who in 1908 followed its
course from east to west. Consult also A. Williamson, _Journey in
North China_ (London, 1870); Martin, "La Grande Muraille de la
Chine," _Revue scientifique_ (1891).

[7] For Shanghai the figures are compiled from twenty-six years'
observations. See _China Sea Directory_, vol. iii. (4th ed., 1904)
p. 660.

[8] The thermometer registered 23 deg. F. in January 1893, on the river
28 m. below Canton. This is the lowest reading known. Ibid, pp.
104-105.

[9] See W.W. Rockhill, _Inquiry into the Population of China_
(Washington, 1904).

[10] For a bibliography of works relating to the aboriginal races of
China see Richard's _Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire_
(1908 ed.), pp. 371-373.

[11] Evidences of the