he open sea outside
Brondolo, and during the rest of the year blockaded the enemy closely.
The distress of the Venetians themselves was great, but the Doge
Andrea Contarini and the nobles set an example by sharing the general
hardships, and taking an oath not to return to Venice till they had
recovered Chioggia. Carlo Zeno had long since been ordered to return,
but the slowness and difficulty of communication and movement under
14th century conditions delayed his reappearance. The besiegers of
Chioggia were at the end of their powers of endurance, and Pisani had
been compelled to give a promise that the siege would be raised, when
Zeno's fleet reached the anchorage off Brondolo on the 1st of January
1380. The attack on Chioggia was now pressed with vigour. The Genoese
held out resolutely in the hope of relief from home. But the resources
of Genoa had been taxed to fit out the squadrons she had already sent
to sea. It was not until the 12th of May 1380 that her admiral, Matteo
Maruffo, was able to reach the neighbourhood of Brondolo with a
relieving force. By this time the Venetians had recovered the island,
and their fleet occupied a fortified anchorage from which they refused
to be drawn. Maruffo could do nothing, and on the 24th of June 1380
the defenders of Chioggia surrendered. The crisis of the war was past.
Venice, being now safe at home, recovered the command of the sea, and
before the close of the year was able to make peace as a conqueror.

AUTHORITIES.--S. Romanin, _Storia documentata di Venezia_ (Venice,
1855); W.C. Hazlitt, _History of the Venetian Republic_ (London,
1860); Horatio F. Brown, _Venice_ (London, 1893). (D.H.)

CHIOS, an island on the west coast of Asia Minor, called by the Greeks
Chios ([Greek: Chios, 's te Chio]) and by the Turks Saki Adasi; the soft
pronunciation of [CHI] before [iota] in modern Greek, approximating to
_sh_, caused [Greek: Chio] to be Italianized as Scio. It forms, with the
islands of Psara, Nikaria, Leros, Calymnus and Cos, a sanjak of the
Archipelago vilayet. Chios is about 30 m. long from N. to S., and from 8
to 15 m. broad; pop. 64,000. It well deserves the epithet "craggy"
([Greek: paipaloessa]) of the Homeric hymn. Its figs were noted in
ancient times, but wine and gum mastic have always been the most
important products. The climate is healthy; oranges, olives and even
palms grow freely. The wine grown on the N.W. co