absent, and the caudate is
generally large; but in Microchiroptera the former lobe is large, while
the caudate is small. The gall-bladder is generally well developed.

In most species the hyoids are simple, consisting of a chain of slender,
long, cylindrical bones connecting the basi-hyoid with the skull, while
the pharynx is short, and the larynx shallow with feebly developed vocal
cords, and guarded by a short pointed epiglottis. In the African
epauletted bats, _Epomophorus_, the pharynx is long and capacious, the
aperture of the larynx far removed from the fauces, and, opposite to it,
opens a canal, leading from the nasal chambers, and extending along the
back of the pharynx; the laryngeal cavity is spacious and its walls are
ossified; the hyoids are unconnected, except by muscle with the skull;
while the cerato-hyals and epi-hyals are cartilaginous and expanded,
entering into the formation of the walls of the pharynx, and (in males
of some species) supporting the orifices of a pair of air-sacs
communicating with the pharynx (fig. 2).

The extent and shape of the wings generally depend on the form of the
bones of the fore-limbs, and on the presence or absence of the tail. The
wings consist of an "antebrachial membrane," which extends from the
point of the shoulder along the humerus and more or less of the fore-arm
to the base of the thumb, the metacarpal bone of which is partially or
wholly included in it; the "wing-membrane" spread out between the
elongated fingers, and extending along the sides of the body to the
posterior extremities, generally reaching to the feet; and the
"interfemoral membrane," the most variable of all, which is supported
between the extremity of the body, the legs and the calcar (fig. 1). The
antebrachial and wing membranes are most developed in species fitted
only for aerial locomotion which when at rest hang with the body
enveloped in the wings; but in the _Emballonuridae_, and also in the
_Molossinae_, which are the best fitted for terrestrial progression, the
antebrachial membrane is reduced to a small size, and not developed
along the fore-arm, leaving the thumb quite free, while the
wing-membrane is narrow and folded in repose under the forearm. The
relative development of the interfemoral membrane has been referred to
in connexion with the caudal vertebrae. Its small size in the
frugivorous and blood-sucking species, which do not require it, is
easily understood. Scent-glands and pou