the margins of the ears. The males are provided
with glandular pouches, situated in the skin of the side of the neck
near the point of the shoulder, which are rudimentary or absent in
females. In the males they are lined with glandular membrane, from
which long coarse yellowish hairs project to form conspicuous
epaulet-like tufts on the shoulders. The males often have a pair of
air-sacs extending outwards on each side from the pharynx beneath the
integument of the neck, in the position shown in fig. 2. These bats
appear to live principally on figs, the juicy contents of which their
voluminous lips and capacious mouths enable them to swallow without
loss. The huge and ugly West African hammer-headed bat, _Hypsignathus
monstrosus_, represents an allied genus distinguished by the absence
of shoulder-pouches, and the presence of leaf-like expansions of skin
on the front of the muzzle, and of distinct cusps on the outer sides
of the cheek-teeth. The great majority of the bats of this group,
commonly known as "flying-foxes," are included in the typical genus
_Pteropus_, of which the dental formula is _i._ 2/2, _c._ 1/1, _p._
3/3, _m._ 2/3. All are of large size, and the absence of a tail, the
long pointed muzzle, and the woolly fur covering the neck render their
recognition easy. One of the species, _P. edulis_, inhabiting Java,
measures 5 ft. across the fully extended wings, and is the largest
member of the order.

[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Head of a Flying-Fox or Fruit-Bat (_Pteropus
personatus_). From Gray.]

The range of the genus extends from Madagascar through the Seychelles
to India, Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Archipelago, Japan, New Guinea,
Australia and Polynesia. Although two species inhabit the Comoro
Islands, scarcely 200 m. from the mainland, not one is found in
Africa; while the common Indian species is closely allied to the
Madagascar flying-fox. The Malay Archipelago and Australia form the
headquarters of these bats, which in some places occur in countless
multitudes. The colonies exhale a strong musky odour, and when awake
the occupants utter a loud incessant chatter. Wallace's fruit-bat of
Celebes and Macassar has been made the type of a separate genus, as
_Styloctenium wallacei_. In _Roussettus_ (or _Cynonycteris_) the
dentition is as in _Pteropus_, but the tail is short, and the fur of
the nape of the neck not different from that of the