fawn-colour. The most peculiar
feature about the chiru is, however, its swollen, puffy nose, which is
probably connected with breathing a highly rarefied atmosphere. A second
antelope inhabiting the same country as the chiru is the goa (_Gazella
picticaudata_), a member of the gazelle group characterized by the
peculiar form of the horns of the bucks and certain features of
coloration, whereby it is markedly distinguished from all its kindred
save one or two other central Asian species. The chiru, which belongs to
the typical or antilopine section of antelopes, is probably allied to
the saiga. (R. L.*)

CHIRURGEON, one whose profession it is to cure disease by operating with
the hand. The word in its original form is now obsolete. It derives from
the Mid. Eng. _cirurgien_ or _sirurgien_, through the Fr. from the Gr.
[Greek: cheirourgos], one who operates with the hand (from [Greek:
cheir], hand, [Greek: ergon], work); from the early form is derived the
modern word "surgeon." "Chirurgeon" is a 16th century reversion to the
Greek origin. (See SURGERY.)

CHISEL (from the O. Fr. _cisel_, modern _ciseau_, Late Lat. _cisellum_,
a cutting tool, from _caedere_, to cut), a sharp-edged tool for cutting
metal, wood or stone. There are numerous varieties of chisels used in
different trades; the carpenter's chisel is wooden-handled with a
straight edge, transverse to the axis and bevelled on one side; stone
masons' chisels are bevelled on both sides, and others have oblique,
concave or convex edges. A chisel with a semicircular blade is called a
"gouge." The tool is worked either by hand-pressure or by blows from a
hammer or mallet. The "cold chisel" has a steel edge, highly tempered to
cut unheated metal. (See TOOL.)

CHISLEHURST, an urban district in the Sevenoaks parliamentary division
of Kent, England, 11-1/4 m. S.E. of London, by the South-Eastern &
Chatham railway. Pop. (1901) 7429. It is situated 300 ft. above
sea-level, on a common of furze and heather in the midst of picturesque
country. The church of St Nicholas (Perpendicular with Early English
portions, but much restored) has a tomb of the Walsingham family, who
had a lease of the manor from Elizabeth; Sir Francis Walsingham, the
statesman, being born here in 1536. Another statesman of the same age,
Sir Nicholas Bacon, was born here in 1510. Near the church is an ancient
cockpit. The mortuary chapel attached to the Roman Catholic church of St
Mar