and [Greek:
pous], foot), properly one who treats the ailments of the hands and
feet, or is consulted as to keeping them in good condition; the use of
the word is now restricted, however, to the care of the toes,
"manicurist" having been invented for the corresponding attentions to
the fingers. The word was first introduced in 1785, by a "corncutter" in
Davies Street, London.

CHIROPTERA (Greek for "hand-wings"), an order of mammals containing the
bats, all of which are unique in the class in possessing the power of
true flight, and have their fore-limbs specially modified for this
purpose.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Skeleton and Wing-Membranes of the Noctule Bat
(_Pipistrellus noctula_).

c, Clavicle.
h, Humerus.
r, Radius.
u, Ulna.
d1, First digit.
d2, d3, d4, d5, Other digits of the fore-limb
supporting wm, the wing-membrane.
m, m, Metacarpal bones.
ph1, First phalanx.
ph2, Second phalanx.
ph3, Third phalanx.
am, Antebrachial membrane.
f, Femur.
t, Tibia.
fb, Fibula.
c, Calcar supporting im, the interfemoral membrane.
pcb, Post-calcaneal lobe.]

The mammals comprised in this order are at once distinguished by the
possession of true wings; this peculiarity being accompanied by other
modifications of bodily structure having relation to aerial locomotion.
Thus, in direct contrast to all other mammals, in which locomotion is
chiefly effected by action from behind, and the hind-limbs consequently
greatly preponderate in size over the fore, in the Chiroptera the
fore-limbs, being the agents in propelling the body forward during
flight, immensely exceed the short and weak hinder extremities. The
thorax, giving origin to the great muscles which sustain flight, and
containing the proportionately large lungs and heart, is remarkably
capacious; and the ribs are flattened and close together; while the
shoulder-girdle is greatly developed in comparison with the weak pelvis.
The fore-arm (fig. 1) consists of a rudimentary ulna, a long curved
radius, and a carpus of six bones supporting a thumb and four elongated
fingers, between which, the sides of the body, and the hinder
extremities a thin expansion of skin, the wing-membrane, is spread. The
knee is directed backwards, owing to the rotation of the hind-limb,
outwards by the wing-membrane; an elongated cartilaginous process (the
calcar), rarely rudimentary or absent, arising from the inner side of
the ankle-joint, is direc