, 1910, Russia and Japan agreed
to "maintain and respect" the _status quo_ in Manchuria.

[78] See the _Quinzaine coloniale_ of the 10th of December 1909.

[79] See _The Times_ of the 20th of January 1910.

[80] See for the prospects of reform _The Times_ of 30th May 1910.

[81] _La Sculpture sur pierre en Chine ait temps des deux dynasties
Han_ (Paris, 1893).

CHINA, the common name for ware made of porcelain, given because it came
from China, where the first vitrified, translucent, white ware was
produced. The Portuguese or Italians gave it the name of "porcelain"
(q.v.). English usage was influenced by India and the East, where the
Persian _ch[=i]n[=i]_ was widely prevalent as the name of the ware. This
is seen also in some of the earlier forms and pronunciations, e.g.
_chiney_, _cheney_, and later _chaney_ (see CERAMICS; and for
"china-clay" KAOLIN).

CHINANDEGA, or CHINENDEGA, the capital of the department of Chinandega
in western Nicaragua, 10 m. N.N.E. of the seaport of Corinto by the
Corinto-Managua railway. Pop. (1900) about 12,000. Chinandega is the
centre of a fertile corn-producing district, and has a large transit
trade owing to its excellent situation on the chief Nicaraguan railway.
Its manufactures include coarse cloth, pottery and Indian feather
ornaments. Cotton, sugar-cane and bananas are cultivated in the
neighbourhood.

CHI-NAN FU, the capital of Shan-tung, China, in 36 deg. 40' N., 117 deg.
1' E. Pop. about 100,000. It is situated in one of the earliest settled
districts of the Chinese empire. The city, which lies in the valley of
the present channel of the Yellow river (Hwang-Ho), and about 4 m. south
of the river, is surrounded by a triple line of defence. First is the
city wall, strongly built and carefully guarded, outside this a granite
wall, and beyond this again a mud rampart. Three springs outside the
west gate throw up streams of tepid water to a height of about 2 ft.
This water, which is highly prized for its healing qualities, fills the
moat and forms a fine lake in the northern quarter of the city.

Chi-nan Fu was formerly famous for its manufacture of silks and of
imitation precious stones. It is now the chief commercial entrepot of
Western Shan-tung but no longer a manufacturing centre. A highway
connects it with the Yellow river, and it is joined by a railway 280 m.
long to Kiaochow. The city has a university for instruction on Western
lines