th in action or by sickness, and 56,862
were wounded or disabled by sickness, exclusive of the losses in the
Formosa and Pescadores expeditions. Nearly two-thirds of these losses
were incurred by the 1st army in the trying winter campaign in
Manchuria.

The most important works dealing with the war are: Vladimir,
_China-Japan War_ (London, 1896); Jukichi Inouye, _The Japan-China
War_ (Yokohama, &c., 1896); du Boulay, _Epitome of the China-Japanese
War_ (London, 1896), the official publication of the British War
Office; Atteridge, _Wars of the Nineties_, pp. 535-636 (London, 1899);
von Kunowski and Fretzdorff, _Der japanisch-chinesische Krieg_
(Leipzig, 1895); von Mueller, _Der Krieg zwischen China und Japan_
(Berlin, 1895); Bujac, _Precis de quelques campagnes contemporaines:
II. La Guerre sino-japonaise_ (Paris and Limoges).

CHINON, a town of western France, capital of an arrondissement in the
department of Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Vienne, 32m. S.W.
of Tours on the State railway. Pop. (1906) 4071. Chinon lies at the foot
of the rocky eminence which is crowned by the ruins of the famous
castle. Its narrow, winding streets contain many houses of the 15th and
16th centuries. The oldest of its churches, St Mexme, is in the
Romanesque style, but only the facade and nave are left. The church of
St Etienne dates from the 15th century, that of St Maurice from the
12th, 15th and 16th centuries. The castle, which has undergone
considerable modern restoration, consists of three portions. That to the
east, the Chateau de St Georges, built by Henry II. of England, has
almost vanished, only the foundation of the outer wall remaining. The
Chateau du Milieu (11th to 15th centuries) comprises the keep, the
Pavilion de l'Horloge and the Grand Logis, in the principal apartment of
which the first meeting between Joan of Arc and Charles VII. took place.
Of the Chateau du Coudray, which is separated by a moat from the Chateau
du Milieu, the chief remains are the Tour du Moulin (10th century) and
two less ancient towers. A statue of Rabelais, who was born in the
vicinity of the town, stands on the river-quay. Chinon has trade in
wheat, brandy, red wine and plums. Basket and rope manufacture, tanning
and cooperage are among its industries. Chinon (Caino) existed before
the Roman occupation of Gaul, and was from early times an important
fortress. It was occupied by the Visigoths, and subsequent