social changes taking place in China are to be
found in the strong movement for the education of girls, and in the
formation of societies, under official patronage, to prevent the
binding of women's feet.

[12] It must be remembered that there is great variety in the
costumes worn in the various provinces. The particulars here given
are of the most general styles of dress.

[13] Richard's _Comprehensive Geography_, &c. (1908 edition), pp.
340-341.

[14] Otherwise Ab[=u] Ja'far Ibn Mahommed al-Mans[=u]r (see CALIPHATE,
C. Sec. 2).

[15] For a summary of Chang Chih-tung's treatise, see _Changing
China_ (1910 edition), chap. xxii.

[16] It was announced in June 1910 that the throne had approved a
recommendation of the Board of Education that English should be the
official language for scientific and technical education, and that
the study of English should be compulsory in all provincial
scientific and technical schools.

[17] See _The Times_ of the 19th of February and the 3rd of May 1910.

[18] Another peculiarity of loess in China is that it lends itself
readily to the excavation of dwellings for the people. In many
places whole villages live in cave dwellings dug out in the vertical
wall of loess. They construct spiral staircases, selecting places
where the ground is firm, and excavate endless chambers and recesses
which are said to be very comfortable and salubrious.

[19] See J. Edkins, _The Poppy in China_, and H.B. Morse, _The Trade
and Administration of the Chinese Empire_, chap. xi.

[20] Richard's _Comprehensive Geography, &c._ (1908 edition), p. 144.

[21] In the 18th century foreign trade was restricted to Canton. In
the 17th century, however, the Dutch traded to Formosa and Amoy, and
the English to Amoy also. The Portuguese traded with Canton as early
as 1517. For the early intercourse between Portugal and China see
the introductory chapter in Donald Ferguson's _Letters from
Portuguese Captives in Canton_ (Bombay, 1902).

[22] From _The Statesman's Year Book_, 1910 edition.

[23] See _The Times_ of the 28th of March 1910.

[24] See Morse, _op. cit._ chap. x.

[25] The maritime customs had established a postal service for its
own convenience in 1861, and it first gave facilities to the general
public in 1876. An organized service for the conveyance of
government d