ler who called on us this morning?

He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso
y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and
prudent man.

[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use
of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule
fully.]

After _ser_ and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by _quien_, as--

Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to
me.

After a preposition translate "whom" by _quien_ (pl., _quienes_)[100],
and "which" by _el cual (la cual_, etc.).

[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]

EXCEPTION--

After _a, con, de, en_, we can also translate "which" equally well by
_que_, or _el que, la que, los que, las que_.[101]

[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions
but rarely.]

"Which" relating to a whole sentence is _lo cual_ or _lo que_
(naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).

Instead of _cuyo_ we may use _de quien, del cual, de que, del que_, as--

El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, _or_ del que ha desembarcado:
The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante al hijo de quien, _or_ del cual hemos conocido: The
merchant whose son we have known.

"He who" is translated by _aquel que, el que_,[102] also _quien_.

"She who" is translated by _aquella que, la[102] que_, also _quien_.

"Those who" is translated by _aquellos que, los[102] que_, also
_quienes_.

[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]

=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as--

El hombre a quien, _or_ que vi: The man I saw.

Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The
man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable).

Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better
firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs.
Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (_or_ de la cual, _or_ de la que no
hay otra mejor)".

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_. |
+-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
| =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. |
|Que yo hubiese |Tuviese (that I|Fuese (that I |Estuviese (that I|
| (that I might, | might, would,| might, would,| might, would, |
| would, or should| or should | or should |