the
first in Europe to investigate the theory of light, in the beginning
of the thirteenth century; Brudzewski, the teacher of Copernicus;
Martinus of Olkusz, the proper author of the new or Gregorian
calendar, which was introduced sixty-four years after him, etc.]

[Footnote 25: See Macherzynski's _Geschichte der Luteinischen Sprache
in Polen_, Cracow 1833. Dr. Connor in his History of Poland, 1698,
speaking of the following period, says, that even the common people in
Poland spoke Latin, and that his servant used to speak with him in
that language. See Letters on Poland, Edinb. 1823 p 108.]

[Footnote 26: De originibus et rebus gestis Polonorum, lib. XXX.]

[Footnote 27: _Psalterz Dawidow s modlitwami_, 1555.]

[Footnote 28: The Polish works of this poet, who is still considered
as the chief ornament of the Polish Parnassus, were first collected in
four volumes, Cracow 1584-90. After going through several editions,
they have recently been printed at Breslau, 1894, in a stereotype
edition. Bowring gives among his 'Specimens' some of the sweetest
pieces of Kochanowski.]

[Footnote 29: The oldest edition extant of his Polish pastorals, was
printed at Zamosc, 1614, under the title _Sielanki_. They were last
printed, together with other eclogues, in the collection of Mostowski,
_Sielanki Polskie_, Warsaw 1805. There are some specimens of his
poetry in Bowring's work.]

[Footnote 30: This latter was honoured by his countrymen with the
title of the Sarmatian Ovid; but his pieces, according to Bowring, are
not only licentious, but also vulgar. See Specimen of the Polish
Poets, p. 29.]

[Footnote 31: The same individual has been mentioned as a Bohemian
writer; see above, p. 193.]

[Footnote 32, 33, 34: See above, p. 237, 238, n. 18.]

[Footnote 35: This work was first printed at Cracow in 1597, under the
title _Kronika Polska_. The first part of it was republished at Warsaw
in 1832, forming the sixth volume of the great collection of ancient
Polish authors published by the bookseller Galezowski.]

[Footnote 36: For more complete information respecting the writers of
this period, see Bentkowaki's _Hist. lit. Pol_ Vol. I. Schaffarik's
_Gechichte_, etc.]

[Footnote 37: We mean the direct male descendants of Jagello; for
descendants by the female and collateral lines occupied the throne
after Stephen Bathory. Poland had never been by law an hereditary
kingdom; but in most cases one of the sons or brothers of the las