on in Lithuania. Count Valerian
Krasinski, who found a home in England, has likewise published a
history of the Reformation in Poland, in the English language.[79]

The history of recent times cannot be expected to be written in
Poland; where the pen is chained, even if the mind keeps itself
unfettered. The republic of Cracow, until about ten years ago, enjoyed
a certain degree of liberty. It could have become the asylum of Polish
literature and science; but it became only too soon the battlefield of
political passions and combats. Some of her scholars however kept
themselves entirely aloof from the strife. Macherzinski's and
Muczkowski's learned works, already mentioned above; a history of
Polish Literature by Wisznewski; and a new Polish Dictionary, by
Trajanski; were the immediate results.

New works of travels have been written by Kraszewski and Holawinski;
the former describing the South of Russia, and the latter his
pilgrimage to the Holy Land; both were published in 1845. A book of
travels on Siberia, a land so seldom chosen for a tour of pleasure,
had preceded them.[80]

Modern history, we have said, cannot be expected to be written in
Poland. This remark leads us at once to the literature of Polish
Emigrants, as it is generally called, which has sprung up in Paris.
Since the revolution of 1830, this capital has been the principal seat
of Polish literary activity. One of the first works of importance
published there was Maurice Mochnacki's History of the Polish
insurrection; which excited among his own countrymen a new and
passionate feud. Mochnacki's name had been favourably known as the
author of a work on the Polish literature of the nineteenth
century;[81] and as the able editor of several periodicals. His
political misfortunes, however, and especially the circumstance that
he had been compelled to appear alternately as the tool of the grand
duke Constantine, and as the victim of his hatred, made him a subject
of distrust to his countrymen, although he had fought with bravery in
the revolution. He died in France when not yet thirty years old. His
scattered writings were published in 1836 by A. Jelowicki, one of the
patriotic family of that name; who had been deeply implicated in the
revolution, and lived as fugitives in Paris. A printing office,
which they have founded there, serves for the publication of Polish
works.

Another work on the recent events was written by Wratnowski, who
published a histor