rity of the
United States" is the authority of the nation in the field of foreign
relations--if the National Government has constitutional powers
coextensive with its international responsibilities--we must conclude
that such consent can be validly given through the existing
treaty-making power. _See_ Favoring Membership of the United States in
the Permanent Court of International Justice, H. Rept. 1569, 68th Cong.,
2d sess.

[208] 5 Pet. 1 (1831).

[209] 6 Pet. 515 (1832).

[210] Ibid. 558.

[211] Holden _v._ Joy, 17 Wall. 211, 242 (1872); United States _v._ 43
Gallons of Whiskey, etc., 93 U.S. 188, 192 (1876); Dick _v._ United
States, 208 U.S. 340, 355-356 (1908).

[212] The New York Indians, 5 Wall. 761 (1867).

[213] The Kansas Indians, 5 Wall. 737, 757 (1867).

[214] United States _v._ 43 Gallons of Whiskey, etc., 93 U.S. 188, 196
(1876).

[215] The Cherokee Tobacco, 11 Wall. 616 (1871). _See also_ Ward _v._
Race Horse, 163 U.S. 504, 511 (1896); and Thomas _v._. Gay, 169 U.S.
264, 270 (1898).

[216] 16 Stat. 544, 566; Rev. Stat Sec. 2079.

[217] Ward _v._ Race Horse, 163 U.S. 504 (1896).

[218] Lone Wolf _v._ Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553 (1903).

[219] Cherokee Nation _v._ Southern Kansas R. Co., 135 U.S. 641 (1890).

[220] The Cherokee Tobacco, 11 Wall. 616, 621 (1871).

[221] Choate _v._ Trapp, 224 U.S. 665, 677-678 (1912); Jones _v._
Meehan, 175 U.S. 1 (1899).

[222] For an effort to distinguish "treaties," "compacts," "agreements,"
"conventions," etc., _see_ Chief Justice Taney's opinion in Holmes _v._
Jennison, 14 Pet. 540, 570-572 (1840). Vattel is Taney's chief reliance.

[223] Story, Comm. Sec. 1403. The President has the power in the absence
of legislation by Congress, to control the landing of foreign cables on
the shores of the United States, 22 Op. Atty. Gen. 13 and 408 (1898,
1899).

[224] Crandall, Treaties (2d ed.) Chap. VIII. _See also_ McClure,
International Executive Agreements (Columbia University Press, 1941),
Chaps. I and II.

[225] Crandall, 102; McClure, 49-50.

[226] Crandall, 104-106; McClure, 81-82.

[227] Tucker _v._ Alexandroff, 183 U.S. 424, 435 (1902).

[228] Ibid. 467. The first of these conventions, signed July 29, 1882,
had asserted its constitutionality in very positive terms. "The power to
make and enforce such a temporary convention respecting its own
territory is a necessary incident to every national government, and
adheres where the executive power is v