415] Durand _v._ Hollins, 4 Blatch. 451, 454 (1860).

[416] Published by World Peace Foundation (Boston, 1945) _See also_, for
the period 1811 to 1934, J. Reuben Clark's Memorandum as Solicitor of
the Department of State entitled Right to Protect Citizens in Foreign
Countries by Landing Forces (Government Printing Office, 1912, 1934).
The great majority of the landings were for "the simple protection of
American citizens in disturbed areas," and only about a third involved
belligerent action.

[417] 5 Moore, International Law Digest, 478-510, _passim_.

[418] A Decade of American Foreign Policy, S. Doc. 123, 81st Cong., 1st
Sess., p. 1347.

[419] _See_ Max Farrand, Records, II, 318-319.

[420] Youngstown Co. _v._ Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).

[421] 17 Fed. Reg. 3139-3143.

"Whereas on December 16, 1950, I proclaimed the existence of a national
emergency which requires that the military, naval, air, and civilian
defenses of this country be strengthened as speedily as possible to the
end that we may be able to repel any and all threats against our
national security and to fulfill our responsibilities in the efforts
being made throughout the United Nations and otherwise to bring about a
lasting peace; and

"Whereas American fighting men and fighting men of other nations of the
United Nations are now engaged in deadly combat with the forces of
aggression in Korea, and forces of the United States are stationed
elsewhere overseas for the purpose of participating in the defense of
the Atlantic Community against aggression; and

"Whereas the weapons and other materials needed by our armed forces and
by those joined with us in the defense of the free world are produced to
a great extent in this country, and steel is an indispensable component
of substantially all of such weapons and materials; and

"Whereas steel is likewise indispensable to the carrying out of programs
of the Atomic Energy Commission of vital importance to our defense
efforts; and

"Whereas a continuing and uninterrupted supply of steel is also
indispensable to the maintenance of the economy of the United States,
upon which our military strength depends; and

"Whereas a controversy has arisen between certain companies in the
United States producing and fabricating steel and the elements thereof
and certain of their workers represented by the United Steel Workers of
America, CIO, regarding terms and conditions of employment; and

"Whereas the con