ot a certain
measure of very ordinary instruction. For there were episcopal and
conventual schools in the seventh and eighth centuries, even in France,
especially Aquitaine; we need hardly repeat that in England, the former
of these ages produced Bede and Theodore, and the men trained under
them; the Lives of the Saints also lead us to take with some limitation
the absolute denial of liberal studies before Charlemagne. See Guizot,
Hist. de la Civilis. en France, Lecon 16; and Ampere, Hist. Litt. de la
France, iii. p. 4. But, perhaps, philology, logic, philosophy, and even
theology were not taught, as sciences, in any of the French schools for
these two centuries; and consequently those established by Charlemagne
justly make an epoch.

[812] Id. Ibid. There was a sort of literary club among them, where the
members assumed ancient names. Charlemagne was called David; Alcuin,
Horace; another, Dametas, &c.

[813] Hist. Litteraire, p. 217, &c.

[814] This division of the sciences is ascribed to St. Augustin; and we
certainly find it established early in the sixth century. Brucker,
Historia Critica Philosophiae, t. iii. p. 597.

[815] Schmidt, Hist. des Allemands, t. ii. p. 126.

[816] Crevier, Hist. de l'Universite de Paris, t. i. p. 28.

[817] Brucker, t. iii. p. 612. Raban Maurus was chief of the cathedral
school at Fulda, in the ninth century.

[818] Crevier, p. 66.

[819] Crevier, p. 171; Brucker, p. 677; Tiraboschi, t. iii. p. 275.

[820] Brucker, p. 750.

[821] A great interest has been revived in France for the philosophy, as
well as the personal history of Abelard, by the publication of his
philosophical writings, in 1836, under so eminent an editor as M.
Cousin, and by the excellent work of M. de Remusat, in 1845, with the
title Abelard, containing a copious account both of the life and
writings of that most remarkable man, the father, perhaps, of the theory
as to the nature of universal ideas, now so generally known by the name
of _conceptualism_.

[822] The faculty of arts in the university of Paris was divided into
four nations; those of France, Picardy, Normandy, and England. These had
distinct suffrages in the affairs of the university, and consequently,
when united, outnumbered the three higher faculties of theology, law,
and medicine. In 1169, Henry II. of England offers to refer his dispute
with Becket to the provinces of the school of Paris.

[823] Crevier, t. i. p. 279. The first statute reg