Augustine and Martianus Capella,
and in the _trivium_ and _quadrivium_ of the middle ages.

Part of Varro's treatise on Latin was dedicated to Cicero (106-43), who
as an interpreter of Greek philosophy to his fellow-countrymen enlarged
the vocabulary of Latin by his admirable renderings of Greek
philosophical terms, and thus ultimately gave us such indispensable
words as "species," "quality" and "quantity."

The earliest of Latin lexicons was produced about 10 B.C. by Verrius
Flaccus in a work, _De Verborum Significatu_, which survived in the
abridgment by Festus (2nd century A.D.) and in the further abridgment
dedicated by Paulus Diaconus to Charles the Great.

Greek models were diligently studied by Virgil and Horace. Their own
poems soon became the theme of criticism and of comment; and, by the
time of Quintilian and Juvenal, they shared the fate (which Horace had
feared) of becoming text-books for use in schools.

Recensions of Terence, Lucretius and Persius, as well as Horace and
Virgil, were produced by Probus (d. A.D. 88), with critical symbols
resembling those invented by the Alexandrian scholars. His contemporary
Asconius is best known as the author of an extant historical commentary
on five of the speeches of Cicero. In A.D. 88 Quintilian was placed at
the head of the first state-supported school in Rome. His comprehensive
work on the training of the future orator includes an outline of general
education, which had an important influence on the humanistic schools of
the Italian Renaissance. It also presents us with a critical survey of
the Greek and Latin classics arranged under the heads of poets,
historians, orators and philosophers (book x. chap. i.). The lives of
Roman poets and scholars were among the many subjects that exercised the
literary skill of Hadrian's private secretary, Suetonius. One of his
lost works is the principal source of the erudition of Isidore of
Seville (d. A.D. 636), whose comprehensive encyclopaedia was a favourite
text-book in the middle ages. About the time of the death of Suetonius
(A.D. 160) a work entitled the _Noctes Atticae_ was begun by Aulus
Gellius. The author is an industrious student and a typical scholar, who
frequents libraries and is interested in the MSS. of old Latin authors.
Early in the 4th century the study of grammar was represented in
northern Africa by the Numidian tiro, Nonius Marcellus (fl. 323), the
author of an encyclopaedic work in three parts, lexico