ubon and Salmasius. Of
these, Casaubon ended his days in England (1614); Scaliger, by leaving
France for the Netherlands in 1593, for a time at least transferred the
supremacy in scholarship from the land of his birth to that of his
adoption. The last sixteen years of his life (1593-1609) were spent at
Leiden, which was also for more than twenty years (1631-1653) the home
of Salmasius, and for thirteen (1579-1592) that of Lipsius (d. 1606). In
the 17th century the erudition of France is best represented by
"Henricus Valesius," Du Cange and Mabillon. In the same period Italy was
represented by Muretus, who had left France in 1563, and by her own
sons, Nizolius, Victorius, Robortelli and Sigonius, followed in the 17th
century by R. Fabretti. The Netherlands, in the 16th, claim W. Canter as
well as Lipsius, and, in the 17th, G.J. Vossius, Johannes Meursius, the
elder and younger Heinsius, Hugo Grotius, J.F. Gronovius, J.G. Graevius
and J. Perizonius. Scotland, in the 16th, is represented by George
Buchanan; England by Sir John Cheke, Roger Ascham, and Sir Henry Savile,
and, in the 17th, by Thomas Gataker, Thomas Stanley, Henry Dodwell, and
Joshua Barnes; Germany by Janus Gruter, Ezechiel Spanheim and Chr.
Cellarius, the first two of whom were also connected with other
countries.

Literary Latin.

We have already seen that a strict imitation of Cicero was one of the
characteristics of the Italian humanists. In and after the middle of the
16th century a correct and pure Latinity was promoted by the educational
system of the Jesuits; but with the growth of the vernacular literatures
Latin became more and more exclusively the language of the learned.
Among the most conspicuous Latin writers of the 17th century are G.J.
Vossius and the Heinsii, with Salmasius and his great adversary, Milton.
Latin was also used in works on science and philosophy, such as Sir
Isaac Newton's _Principia_ (1687), and many of the works of Leibnitz
(1646-1705). In botany the custom followed by John Ray (1627-1705) in
his _Historia Plantarum_ and in other works was continued in 1760 by
Linnaeus in his _Systema Naturae_. The last important work in English
theology written in Latin was George Bull's _Defensio Fidei Nicenae_
(1685). The use of Latin in diplomacy died out towards the end of the
17th century; but, long after that date negotiations with the German
empire were conducted in Latin, and Latin was the language of the
debates in the Hungari