rance (1820), sat in the chamber of
deputies from 1827 to 1830, and after the revolution of 1830 was at once
given a military command. At the head of the army of Algiers, Clausel
made a successful campaign, but he was soon recalled by the home
government, which desired to avoid complications in Algeria. At the same
time he was made a marshal of France (February 1831). For some four
years thereafter he urged his Algerian policy upon the chamber of
deputies, and finally in 1835 was reappointed commander-in-chief. But
after several victories, including the taking of Mascara in 1835, the
marshal met with a severe repulse at Constantine in 1836. A change of
government in France was primarily responsible for the failure, but
public opinion attributed it to Clausel, who was recalled in February
1837. He thereupon retired from active service, and, after vigorously
defending his conduct before the deputies, he ceased to take part in
public affairs. He lived in complete retirement up to his death at
Secourrieu (Garonne) on the 21st of April 1842.

CLAUSEN, GEORGE (1852- ), English painter, was born in London, the son
of a decorative artist. He attended the design classes at the South
Kensington schools from 1867-1873 with great success. He then worked in
the studio of Edwin Long, R.A., and subsequently in Paris under
Bouguereau and Robert-Fleury. He became one of the foremost modern
painters of landscape and of peasant life, influenced to a certain
extent by the impressionists with whom he shared the view that light is
the real subject of landscape art. His pictures excel in rendering the
appearance of things under flecking outdoor sunlight, or in the shady
shelter of a barn or stable. His "Girl at the Gate" was acquired for the
nation by the Chantrey Trustees and is now at the National Gallery of
British Art (Tate Gallery). He was elected associate of the Royal
Academy in 1895, and as professor of painting gave a memorable series of
lectures to the students of the schools,--published as _Six Lectures on
Painting_ (1904) and _Aims and Ideals in Art_ (1906).

CLAUSEWITZ, KARL VON (1780-1831), Prussian general and military writer,
was born at Burg, near Magdeburg, on the 1st of June 1780. His family,
originally Polish, had settled in Germany at the end of the previous
century. Entering the army in 1792, he first saw service in the Rhine
campaigns of 1793-1794, receiving his commission at the siege of Mainz.
On his re